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No scientific evidence to prove bone fragments are relics of Arahant Anula – archaeologists
By Saman Indrajith
There is no scientific evidence to prove that the recently-excavated bone fragments from an archaeology site at Mihintale monastery complex are relics of Arhant Anula Theri, according to senior archaeologists.
An exposition of the bone fragments was held at the Anula Devi stupa precincts on 20 Dec., and the organisers of the event claimed that they were relics of the Arahant Anlua Theri, who is considered the first Lankan female to be ordained by Theri Sanghamitta during the times of King Devanampiyatissa (247 BC-207 BC). They told the media that they would hold similar expositions across the country in 2023.
Director General of Archaeology Department Prof Anura Manatunga, contacted for comment, said that there was no scientific evidence to assign the bone fragments to any historical figure. “With resources available to us, we may be able to get a sample of these bone fragments dated in a foreign lab. That dating technique could give us the time period but not the name of the person. Even in that case, the dating labs usually give 100 years of margin of error for a single sample,” Prof Manatunga said.
“We have no authority over religious leaders’ statements. We found an inscription bearing early-Brahmi scripts rendering the phrase ‘Anula thisa pavvata vehera’ during the excavations. It could be considered an inscription denoting the name of the site. Several days back, a group of bhikkhus informed us that they wanted to conduct a religious ceremony near the site where the ancient stupa had been excavated by our archaeologists and asked whether the findings of excavation could be displayed there. We granted their request and displayed the bone fragments. Bhikkhus worshipped them and called on people to pay homage because they were the relics of Theri Anula. We had no control over their beliefs and religious fervor.”
Archaeological Excavation Officer in charge of the site, AA Wijayarathna, said the bone fragment had been found in a clay reliquary among artefacts in the second phase of the site of ancient Anula Thisa stupa in the Mihintale complex. The site had been an earth mound determined to contain a stupa and the Archaeological Department commenced excavations on 26 Jan. 2022. The first phase ended in March but owing to the postponements caused by political upheavals and the resumption of the second phase was delayed till 26 Sept. “There is evidence of excavations carried out by unauthorised diggers, most probably treasure hunters from time to time,” he said, adding that scientific excavations had yielded an assortment of artefacts.
“Currently, the bone fragments are at the Excavation Data Analyzing Centre in the Anuradhapura branch of the Archaeology Department. It is better if we could send several samples for C-14 analysis abroad. The higher the number of samples zeroing in on a more accurate date is easy. “It is costly. In rupees the price for a single sample amounts to more than 500,000,” Wijayarathna said.
Scientific assertions would not be possible till the receipt of C-14 analysis report and other reports on typology of the artefacts. Once the ancient stupa was restored it would be conserved with the bone fragments being re-deposited there, he said.
Among the finds unearthed so far there were a reliquary of quartz crystal, clay reliquaries, metal artifacts including some items of jewelry, coins, a metal ringlet embedded in a piece of cloth and beads.
The area was declared a site of archaeological importance by the Archaeological Department in 1926. It is believed to be a part of a monastery complex in the Anuradhapura Period. Archaeologically verified and dated finds so far from the Anuladevi Cetiya site indicate that Queen Viharamahadevi built this temple in the Second Century BC. The Department of Archaeology has said: “It is believed that Queen Anula, who was ordained as the first Bhikkhuni in Sri Lanka resided together with her fellow bhikkhunis at this monastery. Artefacts such as the ruins of a dagoba, belonging to the early Anuradhapura Period, potsherds, beads, terracotta figurines and the remnants of building material had been discovered from this site.”
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BASL calls for conscience vote on 22nd Amendment
The Bar Association of Sri Lanka (BASL) yesterday called on all political parties, represented in Parliament, to allow their members to vote on the proposed 22nd Amendment to the Constitution according to their conscience, stressing that the responsibility for deciding whether the Bill should be enacted now rests with Parliament.
In a statement issued after the Supreme Court’s determination on the 22nd Amendment Bill, BASL President Rajeev Amarasuriya and General Secretary Nalin de Silva have said the SC’s determination should not be interpreted as an endorsement of the proposed constitutional amendment as a matter of policy.
The BASL has said the SC’s jurisdiction, under Articles 120, 121 and 123 of the Constitution, was to determine the constitutional requirements for the enactment of the Bill, including whether the Bill, or any of its provisions, required approval at a referendum under Article 83.
“The determination is therefore not a determination as to whether the proposed amendment is good or bad policy, desirable or undesirable, wise or unwise, or whether Parliament ought to enact it,” the BASL said.
Full text of the BASL statement: The Supreme Court has now delivered its Determination on the Twenty-Second Amendment to the Constitution Bill and determined that the Bill does not require the approval of the People at a Referendum.
In terms of Articles 120, 121 and 123 of the Constitution, the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in relation to the Bill is to determine the constitutional requirements for its enactment, including importantly whether the Bill, or any provision thereof, requires the approval of the People at a Referendum by virtue of Article 83.
The Determination is therefore not a determination as to whether the proposed Amendment is good or bad policy, desirable or undesirable, wise or unwise, or whether Parliament ought to enact it.
This distinction is also evident from Sri Lanka’s previous constitutional amendments. During the 48 year history of the second republican Constitution there have been many amendments which passed constitutional muster but nevertheless had a negative effect on democracy, constitutionalism, the independence of the judiciary and the rule of law.
The question that now arises is whether Parliament ought to enact the proposed Amendment. That responsibility rests with Parliament and with each individual Member of Parliament when they vote on the Bill.
In making that decision, Members of Parliament should be mindful of the possible and probable consequences the 22nd Amendment will have on our nation. They should also consider the lack of transparency and a proper consultative process in the introduction of the 22nd Amendment. As representatives of the people they should also consider the concerns that have been expressed in relation to the proposed Amendment by a broad cross-section of society including the Maha Nayakes of the Three Nikayas, the Catholic Bishops’ Conference in Sri Lanka, the Church of Ceylon, the Bar Association of Sri Lanka, the Judicial Service Association, the Commonwealth Lawyers Association, LAWASIA, the International Association of Judges, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, the French National Bar Council, and more than 40 Professional Associations and Unions, including the Government Medical Officers’ Association and other leading professional bodies.
Accordingly, the Bar Association of Sri Lanka calls upon all the political parties in Parliament to allow the Members of Parliament to speak and vote on the 22nd Amendment according to their conscience.
The responsibility now lies with Members of Parliament, when called upon to vote, to take a principled position according to their conscience giving due consideration to their constitutional responsibility, their representative capacity and most importantly their duty to the sovereign People of Sri Lanka.
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IMF: Sri Lanka on course for 2027 market return
SL to regain access to international financial and capital markets next year in line with IMF projections
Sri Lanka is on course to regain access to international financial and capital markets around 2027, in line with the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) current economic projections, IMF Mission Chief Evan Papageorgiou said yesterday.
Papageorgiou said the IMF’s core assumptions under Sri Lanka’s economic programme continued to envisage the country returning to international capital markets in 2027.
“Our previous assumption that Sri Lanka will go back to capital markets still stands. We still have a good trajectory to achieving this in 2027 or thereabouts, and that should be the goal,” he said.
Papageorgiou stressed that Sri Lanka could not rely solely on domestic sources of financing to build long-term economic resilience and would need a diversified funding strategy.
“Every country needs to have a good ability to access funds both in domestic markets, as it already has, as well as international markets for eurobonds and other modes,” he said.
He said a return to international capital markets would have significant implications for Sri Lanka’s external debt composition, while strengthening foreign exchange reserves would remain essential as the country prepares to meet future debt-servicing obligations.
The IMF’s assessment comes amid improving international investor sentiment towards Sri Lanka and positive developments in the country’s sovereign credit ratings.
Papageorgiou cited Fitch’s recent upgrade of Sri Lanka’s credit rating as a positive development, saying global investors were increasingly viewing the country from a more constructive perspective.
Sri Lanka remains under the IMF’s Extended Fund Facility (EFF) programme, which is scheduled to continue until March 20, 2027. Regaining access to international capital markets remains a key milestone under the country’s broader economic recovery.
The IMF has stressed the importance of rebuilding Sri Lanka’s foreign exchange buffers and maintaining stability in domestic financial markets as the country approaches substantial external debt repayments.
A sustained improvement in these areas would help strengthen the country’s capacity to return to international markets while safeguarding macroeconomic stability, the IMF has indicated.
News
President appoints three new judges to High Court
President Anura Kumara Dissanayake yesterday (23) handed over appointment letters to three Special Grade officers of the Judicial Service as High Court Judges, at a ceremony held at the Presidential Secretariat, according to the President’s Media Division (PMD).
The new appointees are Perumal Sivakumar, District Judge of Jaffna; Anandi Kanagaratnam, Senior Assistant Secretary of the Judicial Service Commission; and Gnanesha Lalith Kannangara, District Judge of Colombo.

The three senior Judicial Service officers will take up duties as High Court Judges following their appointments.
The appointments were made from among Special Grade officers of the Judicial Service, the PMD said.

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