Features
Let us grow crops to feed people
By Dr Lal Jayasinghe
laljayasinghe@hotmail.com
It is not easy for an individual, unless he or she has a special interest, to know what types of food crops, and extents of each, we grow in the country. This is especially true for people living in Colombo. However, lately there has been an increased interest in one crop over others, namely maize or corn. There are two reasons for this. One, because of the attack of the Fall Armyworm or Sena Dalambuwa, and two, because large tracks of land are being given away to grow corn.
It would be interesting to look at the extent of land in Sri Lanka given to all non-rice cereals including maize. Most people associate maize only with the production of Thriposha. This is because in Sri Lanka corn is not a cereal that is consumed to any degree, unlike in some countries of the world. I shall show below what percentage of corn grown in the country is actually used for producing Thriposha, which statistic would surprise many.
The Sri Lankan diet is mainly vegetarian and consists of rice, pulses, fruit and vegetables. The pulses traditionally consumed by Sri Lankans are dhal, green gram, chick pea, cow pea. Soya is also used as (mostly imported) soya protein. Kurakkan and gingelly or sesame are two other cereals consumed to a significant extent. It would therefore be interesting to find out what extents of land are utilised for each cereal crop (other than rice) and the annual production of each. (See figure 1, 2, 3, 4)
It is seen that the average extent of land given over to maize during the period 2010 to 2018 is 53,896 hectares, while the land growing all other six cereals during the same period is 29,724. In other words 1.8 times i.e. nearly twice the land is given over to grow maize which is not eaten by people to any significant extent, when compared to all other non-rice cereals combined, although the latter ones are the ones people eat.
Similarly during the same years, 217,373 metric tons of maize were produced, while only 67,810 metric tons of the other cereals combined were produced. In other words three times as much of maize were grown as kurakkan; green gram, cow pea, soya bean, black gram and gingelly combined. (See figure 5, 6)
Why do we grow maize at the expense of other cereals?
It is obvious that a very large quantity of maize is being grown in Sri Lanka. In fact, an average of 213,604 metric tons of it was produced between 2010 and 2018. Where did it all go? We do not manufacture corn oil, nor do we produce corn flakes. The visible evidence of use of corn is only as boiled corn cobs on the wayside. This is also not very successful because we grow field corn and not sweet corn. I am reliably informed by a knowledgeable monk from Mahiyangana that in the past, people used to grow sweet corn in the hena, which they used as a vegetable. This practice has disappeared with the introduction of high yielding field corn, probably because the newly introduced variety being field corn is not suitable for use as a vegetable.
As will be seen form the table and chart, the bulk of the production goes to make animal feed. Only 3% was used to produce Thriposha. In addition 28% is not accountable.(We can only speculate what happened to nearly a third (28%) of the production, which I shall touch on later.)
People will of course argue that use as animal food is quite rational and there is nothing wrong in devoting twice as much land for growing animal feed when compared to growing cereals for human consumption. This is mostly because of the mistaken belief that animal protein is somehow superior to vegetable protein.
Quite apart from the mistaken belief that we cannot do without animal protein, there are health and environmental costs incurred in the strategy of growing food to feed animals and then feeding animals to people. In order to keep this article to a reasonable length I shall only briefly mention the health and environmental damage caused by meat production and consumption.
First, zoonoses or diseases acquired from animals; take chickens for a start, almost all chicken are bearers of several bacteria that cause gastrointestinal and other diseases namely; salmonella, campylobacter and e-coli. Chicken can also be the source of bird-flu. If we take cattle, they are the source of a large number of possible diseases. The common ones are again salmonellosis, cryptosporidiosis, e-coli infections and giardiasis. The less common are bovine TB, listeriosis, leptospirosis and even anthrax.
In addition to directly being the source of disease causing organisms, rearing animals for food causes another serious health problem because of the use of antibiotics. In order to successfully raise animals for food, they need to be fed growth factors and antibiotics. These substances may remain in the meat that is eventually consumed by people. In addition, the use of antibiotics is particularly dangerous because the practice results in multiplication and spread of bacteria which are resistant to the antibiotics used, which happen to be the same ones used to treat infections in people. As more and more animals are raised and more and more antibiotics are used, the bacteria which are not only living in these animals but in the environment too, will become resistant to the common antibiotics. People are infected by bacteria from the environment and find that the antibiotics prescribed are not effective.
A third health problem is the pollution to water caused by disposal of the waste from animal farms.
These direct ill-health effects of animal farming, are overshadowed by ill-health caused indirectly by the damage to the wider environment by global warming.
“Avoiding meat and dairy is ‘single biggest way’ to reduce your impact on Earth” This is the headline of an article in the Guardian newspaper of 31st May 2018, reporting on a study in the journal Science: Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers J. Poore and T. Nemecek Science 360 (6392), 987-992.
“A vegan diet is probably the single biggest way to reduce your impact on planet Earth, not just greenhouse gases, but global acidification, eutrophication, land use and water use,” said Joseph Poore, at the University of Oxford, UK, who led the research. “It is far bigger than cutting down on your flights or buying an electric car,” he said, as these only cut greenhouse gas emissions.”(See figure 7)
Redrawn from: J. Poore and T. Nemecek Science 360 (6392), 987-992
Another statistic reported in the same article gives the following figures for production of greenhouse gases (GHG) in producing 100 gms. of protein:
Beef 305 Kg
Cheese 18 kg
Chicken 12 Kg
Pulses 1.8 Kg
These figures collected from the above quoted article were compiled by collecting data from a large number of countries who used chemical fertilizer to varying degrees. If the pulses were to be grown in Sri Lanka entirely organically; the amount of GHG produced would be much less than 1.8 Kg or even carbon negative if we reused the crop waste to improve the soil.
In Sri Lanka as maize is used as a cash crop rather than a food crop, and the motive is profit, and safety takes a second place to yield, there is no compulsion to avoid or reduce the use of chemical fertilizer or pesticides. Specially pesticides, in view of the Slow Armyworm invasion.
Unfortunately some of this maize i.e. 3% is used to make Thriposha which is given to infants and pregnant women. It is theoretically possible that some of the pesticide is present in the maize used. (do we test the maize for toxins before incorporating it into Thriposha?). It would be preferable if it could be ensured that the maize used in the Thriposha is organically grown.
Economics
Let us now deal with the economic case for growing our own food. As stated earlier, in Sri Lanka there are five cereals other than rice that are consumed to a significant extent, namely dhal, green gram, chick pea, cow pea and soya. Out of these dhal or red lentil mainly is by far the most used. There is no valid or special nutritional reason that I know of why this should be the case. It is only custom and no one has tried to change it. In addition dhal does not grow in Sri Lanka (more than likely we have not tried hard enough or selected suitable varieties) But, if one looks at the economics, it is obvious we are wasting valuable foreign exchange when we have a number of alternative pulses such as green gram cowpea etc which grow perfectly well in Sri Lanka.
The unaccounted maize
As was stated earlier 28% of the maize cannot be accounted for. The uses of maize are limited. It is used directly as a food cereal; for animal feed, to make corn oil, to make corn flakes, and in small quantities for corn flour, popcorn and as a vegetable or snack.
Similar to other cereals like wheat and barley maize too can be used to make alcohol. We do not have information whether maize is used in Sri Lanka to make alcohol, but between 2013 and 2018 a huge quantity of alcohol was produced in Sri Lanka as shown below:
Source: Dept. of Excise Annual report 2018
For a small country like Sri Lanka with a population of only 22 Million or so, a huge amount of alcohol is produced. In 2018 it amounted to 36.5 Million litres of absolute alcohol. This is only the legally manufactured alcohol. We do not know how much alcohol is distilled illegally in Sri Lanka.
As everyone knows alcohol is produced by fermenting starch followed by distillation. In most countries wheat, barley, rye and grapes are used to legally manufacture alcoholic spirits. Maize as well as rice too could be used as the base cereal. It is generally stated that 1 ton of cereal is required to make 400 litres of alcohol. If that were true, to make 36.5 M litres it would require, 89000 tons of cereal. In 2018, the quantity of maize unaccounted for was 104,490 tons. As I said it is only speculation but some or most of it possibly went to make alcohol.
The traditional Sri Lankan diet comprised, in addition to rice several pulses such as green gram, black gram etc and also other cereals like kurakkan or millet. This diet comprising a variety of cereals and pulses together with fruit and vegetables, (which grow throughout the year in home gardens and is readily available), is nutritionally rich and adequate. But, this traditional diet has been gradually altered by growing an alien crop, namely maize which is grown only to feed animals and very possibly to manufacture liquor. To replace the traditionally used pulses, which grow in Sri Lanka, another pulse namely dhal, which does not grow in Sri Lanka, is imported at immense cost in foreign exchange. Is this rational? How did this happen? Who benefits? Should we continue or is it time to once again grow food to feed people?
Features
Sections of US media looking power straight in the eye
Some fundamental freedoms seen to be at the heart of democracy in the US – religion, speech, the press, assembly and the right to petition the government – are at risk of being undermined at present by the country’s Executive President. However, the latter is being legally challenged on this score by some sections of the US media and the citizenry of the country could take heart from this notable defense of media freedom.
In fact this is good news for the world of democracy. The push back is coming from organizations such as CNN, ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC who constitute the nucleus as it were of the US media and their solidarity no less than their resourcefulness calls for commendation.
Following a recent White House decision to suspend CNN from what was referred to as ‘participation in presidential pool coverages’, the other media organizations mentioned refused to replace it in the pool. Their position was that the public had a right to receive ‘accurate and independent information about the government.’
Earlier, the White House decided to bar MS NOW and Politico from entering its premises following the restrictions imposed on CNN. The organizations were accused of publishing “FAKE NEWS’ , ‘Fiction’ and ‘lies’ in respect of the administration. These organizations lost no time in initiating a federal lawsuit accusing the central administration of violating their rights guaranteed by the First Amendment.
However, the latter litigating organizations could now consider themselves as having been vindicated because the federal court hearing their case has ordered the Trump administration to temporarily restore White House press access to journalists from the mentioned media institutions. Notably, the court has declared that the ban is ‘likely unconstitutional’. The case is proceeding.
The mass media of the most vibrant democracies of the West ought to be no strangers to such inspirational acts of solidarity and exemplifications of independence but there are lessons here for the democracies of the South that could stand them in good stead. Minus the right of a people to be informed, the rest of fundamental rights featuring in Southern Bills of Rights and legislation of the kind are bereft of substance and meaning.
It is informed decision-making on the part of a citizenry that makes for democratic vibrancy and on this score many a Southern democracy fails. While Southern publics generally demand of their governments continuous economic well being and substantive material benefits they are not equally desirous of being informed and knowledgeable.
This lacuna in the consciousness of many Southern publics enables their governments ‘to get off the hook’, so to speak and govern, or more often misgovern, their countries with impunity. Among other factors, this species of mass ignorance makes it possible for governments to dismantle democracy and rule in perpetuity.
Accordingly, an educated and constantly informed public is an essential precondition for the flourishing of democracy and independent media are integral to this process. Minus an independent mass media sector that meets the knowledge needs of the people responsibly, democracy is as good as dead.
Needless to say, those sections of the US media that are currently taking the Trump administration to task over its media curbs are acutely aware of the cruciality of these fundamental knowledge requirements.
The hope of democratic opinion worldwide and locally is likely to be that media independence would thrive in the manner in which it is flourishing in the most vibrant and accountable democracies of the West.
Southern countries such as Sri Lanka that lay claim to democratic credentials, but are democracy-deficient in many ways, need to be particularly cognizant of these requirements. The publics of these countries need to go the extra mile to ensure the thriving of an independent but responsible mass media sector.
In fact it is veritably a matter of life and death. It is only an independent media sector that could, while ensuring the existence of an informed public, impress on the latter the need to protect and perpetuate its fundamental rights. In the absence of these campaigns, such publics could be eventually having on their hands governments that boast of ruling in perpetuity.
Taking a leaf from the sections of the US media referred to independent media organizations in Southern states need to act in solidarity as well. They would need to act on the basis of the principle that acts of victimization suffered by members in their fold at the hands of governments, for instance, are in fact inimical acts directed at their collectivity and which call for united remedial action. In short, no independent mass media institution could see itself as ‘an island’.
Besides some general guidance on the importance of media independence and solidarity, the message coming from the US with regard to media praxis is that power must be stood-up to unblinkingly. The mentioned sections of the US media are primarily in a struggle to ward off encroachments on their independence in the areas of policy and practice by the political executive, that is the President.
The latter would ride rough-shod over the media in the absence of robust opposition by the media itself to inimical executive action of this kind.
While media independence needs to be seen as crucial to democratic development, an obligation is cast on the media to ensure that it uses such independence responsibly and constructively.
The worst that could afflict a media sector is for it to fall prey to the clichetic ‘freedom of the wild ass’. In fact recurring irresponsibility on the part of the media could lend credence to the perception that a tightly regulated media is best for a country. It is a short step from this misguided view to the position that political authoritarianism is best for a state. That turn of events would be of course catastrophic for a democracy.
The issues discussed thus far point to the need for a broad discourse among Southern democracies in particular on what is best for them in this connection. Given the risks underscored earlier for Southern countries in particular a broad discussion on the matters at hand, which includes the public, emerges as a must for Sri Lanka. Besides, media solidarity within democratic countries and internationally is a must.
Features
What lessons can be learned to improve quality of Sri Lanka’s Grade 6 syllabus
by Prof. M. W. Amarasiri de Silva
Following public controversy over an inappropriate web link found in an English study module, the Sri Lankan government formally deferred the full rollout of the Grade 6 curriculum reforms to January 2027. In the interim, state schools will maintain the existing syllabus, reverting to standard eight-period daily timetables and previous textbooks to ensure uninterrupted instruction. Prime Minister and Minister of Education Dr. Harini Amarasuriya emphasized that this temporary pause allows the Education Ministry to thoroughly review all instructional materials, fix editorial flaws, and conduct scientific impact assessments across pilot schools prior to nation-wide implementation.
To address the oversight, an expert committee evaluated the flawed materials, completed necessary amendments, and finalised discussions to resubmit corrected modules for printing. Beyond revising written texts, the Ministry established a broader preparation roadmap—allocating funds for extensive teacher training programs set to begin mid-year, alongside scheduled informational briefings for parents, teachers, and students. Prime Minister Amarasuriya reaffirmed that none of the valid first-term modules were completely discarded or scrapped, preserving state resources while systematically rebuilding public trust and strengthening quality assurance protocols.
In this respect, this article reviews the current grade 6 syllabus comparing it with similar syllabi of India and the USA, with a view to make recommendations for the upcoming grade 6 syllabus revision.
Architecture of nation’s future
Education is the quiet architecture of a nation’s future. It is the unseen scaffolding upon which generations build their character, their intellect, and their capacity to contribute meaningfully to society. In Sri Lanka, the Grade 6 syllabus occupies a particularly important place in this architecture. It is the bridge between primary learning and the more demanding intellectual terrain of secondary education. It is the moment when children begin to move from learning basic facts to understanding concepts, from memorising information to applying knowledge, and from passive reception to active engagement. Yet, despite its importance, the Grade 6 curriculum in Sri Lanka has long struggled with issues of breadth, depth, relevance, and pedagogy. As global education systems evolve, Sri Lanka must examine what lessons can be learned from international models—particularly India and the United States—to strengthen its own curriculum and prepare students for a rapidly changing world.
The first lesson Sri Lanka can learn is the value of conceptual clarity. India’s NCERT curriculum, especially in Mathematics and Science, is globally respected for its logical progression and conceptual depth. Indian students are introduced early to the idea that mathematics is not merely a set of procedures but a language of reasoning. They learn why a ratio works, not just how to compute one. They understand the structure of an equation, not merely the steps to solve it. In Science, they explore the properties of materials, the structure of plants, and the principles of motion with a clarity that encourages curiosity rather than rote memorisation.
Sri Lanka’s Grade 6 syllabus, while competency-based, often leans heavily toward content coverage. Students are expected to learn many topics, but the time allocated for each is limited, and the teaching culture often emphasizes memorisation over understanding. If Sri Lanka wishes to improve the quality of its syllabus, it must embrace the idea that fewer topics taught well are better than many topics taught superficially. Conceptual mastery builds confidence, and confidence builds lifelong learners.
Lesson from the US
A second lesson comes from the United States, where the curriculum is built around skills rather than content. American students in Grade 6 are expected to read complex texts, analyse arguments, write essays supported by evidence, conduct experiments, and engage in collaborative projects. The emphasis is not on how much they know but on what they can do with what they know. This skills-based approach encourages critical thinking, creativity, and independence—qualities essential for success in the modern world.
Sri Lanka’s syllabus, by contrast, often rewards students for reproducing information rather than interpreting it. The exam culture reinforces this tendency, as students are assessed primarily through written tests that measure recall. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must integrate more opportunities for students to think, question, debate, and create. The classroom should become a space where students learn to solve problems, not just memorize solutions.
Another important lesson comes from the breadth of Sri Lanka’s own curriculum. One of the strengths of the Sri Lankan system is its inclusion of cultural and religious education. Subjects such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity provide moral grounding and cultural identity. Art, Music, Drama, and Health contribute to holistic development. These subjects remind students that education is not merely about academic achievement but about becoming a balanced human being. However, breadth without depth can become burdensome. Grade 6 students in Sri Lanka often juggle more than ten subjects, each with its own textbook, competencies, and assessments. This creates pressure not only for students but also for teachers, who must rush through content to meet syllabus requirements. The lesson here is not to reduce cultural subjects but to integrate them more meaningfully. Religious education can be taught through ethical discussions, community projects, and reflective writing. Art and Music can be connected to history, literature, and social studies. Health can be linked to science and physical education. Integration reduces overload while enriching learning.
Another lesson from India
India offers another valuable lesson in the form of standardised textbooks. NCERT books are used across the country, ensuring consistency in quality and content. They are written by subject experts, reviewed rigorously, and updated periodically. Sri Lanka’s textbooks, while generally well-structured, vary in quality and often lag behind modern pedagogical standards. Some are dense, text-heavy, and lacking in visual aids or real-world examples. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must invest in high-quality textbooks that are engaging, accessible, and aligned with contemporary educational research. Textbooks should not merely transmit information; they should inspire curiosity. They should include stories, diagrams, experiments, and activities that make learning enjoyable and meaningful.
The United States provides a lesson in inquiry-based science education. American students conduct experiments, build models, observe natural phenomena, and engage in engineering design challenges. They learn science not as a set of facts but as a process of discovery. Sri Lanka’s science curriculum includes experiments, but many schools lack the resources, laboratory facilities, or teacher training to implement them effectively. Improving the syllabus requires improving the ecosystem around it. Schools need laboratories, equipment, and teacher development programs that empower educators to teach science through inquiry. A syllabus is only as strong as the environment in which it is taught. ***
International models
Another area where Sri Lanka can learn from international models is language education. In India, students often learn three languages—English, Hindi, and Sanskrit or Urdu. This heavy language load has its challenges, but it also produces students with strong linguistic skills. In the United States, English Language Arts emphasises reading complex texts, writing arguments, and analysing literature. Sri Lanka’s English curriculum, while improving, still struggles with uneven implementation across schools. Many students reach secondary school without adequate proficiency in English, limiting their access to global knowledge. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must strengthen English instruction through better teacher training, more reading opportunities, and a shift from grammar-heavy teaching to communication-focused learning. At the same time, Sinhala and Tamil instruction should be modernised to include creative writing, literature appreciation, and critical reading.
Social Studies is another area ripe for improvement. Sri Lanka’s curriculum includes History, Geography, and Civics, but the teaching often emphasises memorization of dates, definitions, and facts. India’s Social Science curriculum, while also content-heavy, provides clearer conceptual frameworks. The United States, however, excels in teaching civics and citizenship. American students learn how governments function, how laws are made, how communities solve problems, and how citizens participate in democracy. Sri Lanka can strengthen its Civics curriculum by incorporating more discussions on governance, rights, responsibilities, and community engagement. Students should learn not only the structure of government but also the values that sustain it—justice, equality, and participation.
One of the most important lessons Sri Lanka can learn is the value of reducing exam pressure. In both India and Sri Lanka, exams dominate the educational landscape. Students are judged primarily by their ability to perform on written tests. The United States, while not free from assessment challenges, uses a wider range of evaluation methods—projects, presentations, portfolios, and continuous assessment. These methods allow students to demonstrate learning in diverse ways. Sri Lanka should consider adopting a more balanced assessment system that values creativity, collaboration, and practical skills alongside academic knowledge.
Technology integration is another area where Sri Lanka can improve. The United States incorporates digital literacy, coding, online research, and digital citizenship into the curriculum. Sri Lanka’s ICT syllabus is well-structured, but implementation varies widely. Many schools lack computers, internet access, or trained ICT teachers. Improving the syllabus requires improving infrastructure. Students must learn to navigate the digital world safely and effectively. They must learn coding not as a luxury but as a basic skill. They must learn to evaluate online information critically, a skill essential in an era of misinformation.
Teacher training
Teacher training is perhaps the most critical lesson of all. A syllabus is only as effective as the teachers who deliver it. India invests heavily in teacher training through national programs, workshops, and online platforms. The United States emphasises professional development, peer collaboration, and instructional coaching. Sri Lanka must strengthen its teacher training programmes, ensuring that educators understand not only what to teach but how to teach it. Teachers should be trained in inquiry-based learning, differentiated instruction, formative assessment, and classroom management. They should be empowered to adapt the syllabus to the needs of their students rather than follow it mechanically.
Sri Lanka must learn the lesson of relevance. A syllabus must prepare students not only for exams but for life. It must teach them how to think, how to communicate, how to solve problems, and how to work with others. It must prepare them for a world where knowledge is abundant, but wisdom is scarce. It must help them navigate a future shaped by technology, globalisation, environmental challenges, and social change. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must ask: What kind of citizens do we want to produce? What kind of thinkers? What kind of leaders? The answers to these questions should shape the curriculum.
Lastly, improving the quality of Sri Lanka’s Grade 6 syllabus requires learning from both international models and local strengths. From India, Sri Lanka can learn the value of conceptual clarity and standardised textbooks. From the United States, it can learn the importance of skills, inquiry, and creativity. From its own traditions, it can preserve cultural education, moral development, and holistic learning. The goal is not to copy another country’s system but to build a uniquely Sri Lankan curriculum that is modern, relevant, and empowering. A curriculum that honours the past while preparing students for the future. A curriculum that nurtures thinkers, creators, and compassionate citizens. A curriculum worthy of a nation with immense potential and a proud educational heritage. If Sri Lanka embraces these lessons, the Grade 6 syllabus can become not just a bridge to secondary education but a foundation for national progress.
Features
Three magical nights at Colombo Fashion Week
Melloney Dassanayaka is certainly a familiar name here, and abroad, as well, having represented Sri Lanka at the Miss Universe 2024 pageant, held in Mexico.
A former National Basketball player, she is also involved in several projects, beneficial to the community, including financial literacy for single women-headed families in the country.
A banker by profession, Melloney hold a Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration.

Melloney with Asanka de Mel of Lovi Sri Lanka
This extremely talented old girl of Holy Family Convent, Bambalapitiya, was in the limelight, once more, when she was seen on the ramp at Colombo Fashion Week.
It was her very first experience, at this prestigious event, and she loved every minute of it, she said, and, what’s more, she was featured on three consecutive days.
According to the itinerary, on day 01 she walked for Lovi Sri Lanka; day 02 Rizwan Beyg (Pakistan designer), Arsath Furkhan (Indian designer), Haoyi Yan (Chinese designer) and Samant Chauhan (Indian designer); and on day 03 Vaishali Shandangule (Indian designer).
In today’s edition of The Island SceneAround, we spotlight Melloney, on the ramp, at Colombo Fashion Week.
Melloney will also participate at Miss Grand All Stars to be held later in the year, in Thailand, as Miss Universe Sri Lanka 2024.
-
Features6 days agoBeyond traditional jobs: Why Sri Lanka needs to facilitate the gig economy
-
Editorial5 days agoBirth of a bad law
-
News3 days agoPolice remove Thileepan statue in Jaffna
-
Latest News6 days agoKusal, Wellalage star as Sri Lanka defend 322 in Headingley thriller
-
News5 days agoTIN mandatory for key transactions from Nov. 1
-
Features3 days agoThe 22nd Amendment, constitutional recovery and illiberal slippage
-
Features3 days agoOf foreigners as CEOs of Lankan ventures
-
News3 days agoSajith rejects Jt. Opp. protest sabotage claim; SJB TU chief demands remedial action
