Business
How Vietnam turned FTAs into apparel growth and what Sri Lanka can learn
In the past fifteen years, Vietnam has become a prime example of how trade policy can drive industrial growth, particularly in the apparel sector. This transformation is the result of a strategic focus on Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), export-oriented manufacturing, and integration into global value chains. Sri Lanka can draw valuable insights from Vietnam’s experience, adapting them to its unique context.
Vietnam’s progress becomes even clearer when viewed against Sri Lanka’s current trade profile. Over the past several decades, Vietnam has used trade policy as a deliberate growth tool, implementing 19 bilateral and multilateral FTAs that cover around 60 economies. This has helped deepen its trade openness from 19% of GDP in 1988 to 184% in 2022. Trade openness measures the value of a country’s international trade as a share of GDP, and a higher ratio generally reflects stronger integration with global markets. By comparison, Sri Lanka’s trade openness is estimated at around 50% to 55%, indicating that international trade plays a smaller role in the economy and reflecting the country’s more inward-looking growth pattern.
Vietnam’s FTA network includes major agreements such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), and bilateral agreements with markets such as the UK, Israel, and the UAE. Collectively, these agreements give Vietnam access to key markets including the EU, UK, Japan, Canada, Australia, China, South Korea, and ASEAN countries, covering a major share of global GDP. This wide market access has strengthened Vietnam’s position as a reliable global sourcing hub. As a result, Vietnam’s apparel exports are projected to reach USD 46 billion by 2025, supported by a trade surplus of USD 21 billion. Its growth has also been reinforced by the “China+1” strategy, as global brands continue to diversify sourcing beyond China.
In the past 15 years, Vietnam’s apparel exports have grown from $13bn to $45bn an increase of 250%. By contrast, Sri Lanka’s apparel exports have grown just 58% from $3.4 to $5.4bn.
In order to successfully negotiate and implement these numerous trade agreements, Vietnam’s negotiation architecture is highly centralized, technically strong, and politically empowered.
The dedicated chief negotiator sits at deputyminister level, ensuring authority across ministries.
For major bilateral negotiations (e.g., with the U.S.), Vietnam forms specialized, multiministry teams led by a full minister.
This structure is one reason Vietnam has been able to negotiate 19 FTAs covering 60+ economies and integrate deeply into global value chains.
Like Sri Lanka, Vietnam exports some 40% of its apparel to the USA. Whilst neither country until recently had an FTA with the USA, in the wake of the USA Reciprocal Tariffs introduced in April 2025, Vietnam has now reached an agreement with the USA on tariffs ensuring that when the dust settles, Vietnam will have market access to the USA at concessionary tariff rates.
With Japan, another big market for apparel from Vietnam, there are not one, but three separate trade agreements between the two countries ensuring a free flow of trade between the two countries, including very significant investments from Japan into Vietnam from which this trade flows.
Similarly, whether its with the EU, the UK or South Korea all major markets for apparel from Vietnam, there are long standing trade agreements in place.
Sri Lanka’s apparel sector cannot merely replicate Vietnam’s success but can learn critical lessons. Market access through FTAs is only meaningful with consistent policies, investment readiness, and the capacity to respond to market demands. Effective use of FTAs requires firms to adapt their sourcing and compliance processes. Currently, Sri Lanka generates US 5 billion dollars in apparel exports and employs about 350,000 people, but to reach higher targets, it must improve its FTA strategy and make trade policies more accessible.
Strategic recommendations
To maximize the benefits of FTAs, Sri Lanka should focus on
Sri Lanka needs to have a full time dedicated resource for identification and negotiation of FTAs.
FTAs need to be done with markets that can drive strategic investments into the country, and act a market for Sri Lanka’s export basket.
Vietnam’s experience demonstrates that aligning trade access, investment, infrastructure, skills, and sustainability strengthens positions in global supply chains. Sri Lanka has the potential to become a higher-value, ethical apparel partner, but it must strategically leverage FTAs and enhance competitiveness. As the Joint Apparel Association Forum (JAAF) and the apparel sector plan their future, adopting a national approach that recognizes the industry’s growth potential is crucial. The challenge lies in creating the conditions for the sector to thrive in its next phase.
Business
Trade and investment facilitation upgrade seen as needed for SL
Sri Lanka should mainly focus on upgrading its trade and investment facilitation system while identifying the paramount importance of the issue, South Korean Ambassador to Sri Lanka Miyon Lee said.
The bureaucratic matters—from Customs clearance to tariff lines, licensing, and registration—should be streamlined, she said at a round table forum recently held at the Colombo Club of the Taj Samudra, Colombo. The forum was organized and conducted by the Pathfinder Foundation Sri Lanka and was presided over by its Chairman, Ambassador (Retd) Bernard Goonetilleke.
Ambassador Lee said that the Sri Lankan government and companies must focus on tourism sector development and also find businesses opportunities with Korea.
She also said that if Sri Lanka wants to attract Korean investment into Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka should highly develop its digital sector.
‘On top of that, If Sri Lankan is to sign a FTA or trade agreements, she should focus on niche markets to supply to Korean companies, she explained.
Ambassador Lee added: ‘Korea is highly digital and AI enabled and Sri Lanka needs to concentrate on that as well.
‘Further, it is going to be very important if you will be able to implement all the obligations that are laid out under a WTO agreement.
‘A single window is part of the overall trade architecture that Sri Lanka has to follow.
‘ I think that also follows with the FTA (Free Trade Agreement) negotiations. From Korea’s experience, when we had the financial crisis in 1997, we only pursued WTO negotiations. FTA negotiations came after the financial crisis.
‘The Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) is important in this regard.
‘The APTA arrangement includes China, India, Korea, Nepal and Mongolia and 50 percent of Sri Lankan exports to South Korea benefit from the APTA.
‘But other than that, there is not much trade between the two countries. That’s why I think it is going to be very important for Sri Lanka to pursue the RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership) arrangement.
‘Unfortunately, there is not much appetite for upgrading the APTA because we already have separate FTAs with India and China.
‘ We have huge investments in India and in ASEAN countries. I think it would be very important that Sri Lanka uses that kind of opportunity to see if there is any initiative for Sri Lankan companies to provide supplies to Korean companies working in other countries.’
By Hiran H Senewiratne
Business
SL in damage-control mode in wake of financial security crisis
USD 2.5 million Treasury cyber heist has escalated into a full-blown financial security crisis, with the government scrambling to contain international fallout amid growing fears that multiple foreign debt repayment channels may have been compromised.
In the strongest indication yet of the gravity of the breach, Deputy Finance Minister Dr. Anil Jayantha Fernando told Parliament that investigators had uncovered suspicious irregularities linked to other external payment transactions, including one involving India, suggesting that the cyber intrusion may have extended far beyond the original fraudulent transfer.
The revelation has sent shockwaves through financial and political circles at a time when Sri Lanka is struggling to restore credibility after its historic sovereign default and painful debt restructuring process.
The controversial transfer involved funds earmarked for a debt repayment to Australia Export Finance. However, the money was allegedly diverted into a fraudulent account after what authorities now believe was a sophisticated cyber infiltration targeting Treasury communication and payment authentication systems within the External Resources Department (ERD).
With international confidence hanging in the balance, the Government has moved swiftly to reassure creditors that the incident would not be treated as a sovereign debt default.
Fernando informed Parliament that international debt restructuring advisors had assessed the situation and concluded that the theft constituted a criminal financial breach rather than a deliberate failure by Sri Lanka to honour debt obligations.
Behind the scenes, however, the crisis has triggered an unprecedented multi-agency investigation involving the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), Sri Lanka Computer Emergency Readiness Team (SLCERT), Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) and foreign law enforcement authorities, including Australian agencies.
Investigators are now carrying out forensic examinations of official email systems, payment authorisation trails, digital devices and Treasury transaction records amid mounting concerns that critical State financial infrastructure may have been exposed to external manipulation.
The scandal has also intensified political tensions, with opposition parties accusing the Government of attempting to downplay the seriousness of the breach while demanding an immediate parliamentary debate and an independent inquiry into Treasury security failures.
Pressure mounted further following the sudden death of an interdicted Finance Ministry official reportedly connected to the ongoing investigation.
Although authorities have not officially linked the death to the fraud probe, the incident has fuelled widespread speculation and heightened public suspicion surrounding the case.
The latest disclosures have raised troubling questions about the vulnerability of Sri Lanka’s public financial systems, particularly as billions of dollars in foreign debt repayments, aid flows and restructuring transactions continue to pass through Government channels under intense international scrutiny.
Financial analysts warn that while creditors may refrain from categorising the incident as a formal default, the cyber heist could still damage Sri Lanka’s credibility unless authorities demonstrate swift accountability, institutional transparency and robust corrective measures.
The Treasury breach is now being viewed not merely as an isolated fraud, but as a major national financial security threat with potentially far-reaching implications for Sri Lanka’s economic recovery and global standing.
By Ifham Nizam
Business
JKCG Auto partners with BOC and SLIC to support EV adoption
John Keells CG Auto (JKCG Auto), the authorised distributor of BYD and DENZA in Sri Lanka, has launched a campaign in partnership with Bank of Ceylon (BOC) and Sri Lanka Insurance Corporation General Ltd. (SLIC) to accelerate New Energy Vehicles (NEV) adoption among government sector employees.
The initiative, which will run from 4 May to 31 July 2026, is designed to improve accessibility and affordability of NEVs for public servants through a structured set of financing, insurance and ownership support mechanisms.
Open to employees across the government sector, the programme reflects a coordinated effort between industry and national institutions to enable a gradual and practical transition towards cleaner transport options.
As part of the collaboration, JKCG Auto will extend a set of ownership support measures across its BYD and DENZA portfolio, including introductory price considerations, access to home charging infrastructure, and aftersales service support. These are complemented by preferential leasing arrangements facilitated by the Bank of Ceylon, alongside tailored insurance solutions and customer support services from Sri Lanka Insurance Corporation.
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