Features
Ceylonese activism during World War II and need for a new peace movement
Ninth May, 2025, marked 80 years since the Soviet Red Army defeated Nazi Germany.
Of all the allied powers, the Soviet Union paid the highest price in the war against Nazism and Fascism – 27 million Soviet citizens were killed, including every second member of the Communist Party. In the occupied territories of the USSR, around 1.5 million children were exterminated by the Nazis. War does not stop at destroying living labour – around 73,000 Soviet settlements were razed and 32,000 enterprises destroyed during the Nazi onslaught.
The scale of the atrocity is numbing to read, even today.
Significantly, the red flag raised over the Reichstag also signalled the disintegration of the classical colonial system. The weakening of European colonial powers during the war and the subsequent moral prestige of socialism in the Third World enabled the sequence of national liberation struggles that ensued in the coming decades.
It is no surprise that the historic Bandung Conference, which sparked the non-aligned movement and the Third World project, occurred almost exactly a decade after the end of the Second World War.
As Sri Lankan communist Pieter Keuneman noted in an essay, “Sri Lanka and the victory over fascism”, penned 40 years ago:
“Victory over fascism has also provided a powerful spur to the democratisation of international relations. It has made it possible for nearly half the world’s population, whom imperialism had excluded from any say in world affairs, to emerge as an independent force that has made—and continues to make—an important and positive contribution to the world-wide fight for peace, disarmament, decolonisation and social progress.”
Not only did the Red Army’s victory open the door for political independence, but the USSR would also, subsequently, play a role in assisting willing partners in achieving a degree of economic independence. While the World Bank sought to veer post-independent Ceylon away from industrial ambitions, Soviet economic assistance included the establishment of a steel factory in Oruwala, a tyre and tube factory in Kelaniya, and a flour mill in Colombo. When the Ceylonese government nationalised oil companies in the 1960s, it was the USSR that broke through the embargo of the TNCs and delivered oil supplies.
Ceylonese Friends of the Soviet Union
During the war, pro-Soviet solidarity work in Ceylon was led mainly by the communists – who had been expelled from the LSSP in 1941. The year 1942, when the Nazis were advancing across the USSR, saw a flurry of publications by the communists in Colombo. Among these were ‘The Soviet Way’ by Pieter Keuneman, ‘Russia Fights Disease’ by S.A. Wickramasinghe, and ‘Under Nazi Rule’ by Hedi Keuneman.
This was done in conditions of censorship of pro-Soviet materials, even though Britain was nominally with the Soviets. Pieter Keuneman recounts that during this time, colonial authorities confiscated his copies of speeches by Soviet leaders while allowing him to keep works by Hitler and Mussolini.
‘The Soviet Way’ was likely the first book to be published in Ceylon that offered a comprehensive view of the Soviet Union, including the conditions which were obtained during Tsarist rule and the adversities and external threats faced by the young USSR.
‘Russia Fights Disease’ described in detail the advance of the Soviet healthcare system. For Wickramasinghe, a doctor by training and a witness to the impact of the malaria epidemic in the 1930s, the Soviet health system was a source of inspiration. It may have also informed his work with Seneka Bibile to establish a rational and sovereign pharmaceutical policy in the 1970s.
‘Under Nazi Rule’ outlined the rise of Nazism in Germany and was dedicated to the German communist leader Ernst Thälmann, who was imprisoned by the Nazis and executed in the Buchenwald concentration camp. The author, Hedi, was born in Vienna and fled to Britain after the Anschluss (annexation of Austria by Germany), where she maintained links with the underground anti-fascist resistance in Germany. This book was published just 18 months after she moved to Ceylon with Pieter.
In 1943, the Ceylon Friends of the Soviet Union was established in order to include broader sections of the intelligentsia. It soon rose to a membership of over 9000. It published the Lanka-Soviet Journal, which was edited by T. Duraisingham and featured contributions from surprising elite figures.
For example, in 1944 SWRD Bandaranaike wrote: “Whether we agree or not with all aspects of the activities of Soviet Russia, no one can deny that within the short space of a quarter of a century an almost unbelievable progress has been made in industry, agriculture, education, health services.”
George E. De Silva wrote: “Today, the Soviet Union has demonstrated to an astonished world what a united people could achieve in defence of freedom and liberty,” adding that “We in Lanka would be better off if we could copy some of the health measures that have been adopted in the Soviet Union.”
Interestingly, even J.R. Jayewardene was a member of the union’s executive committee. In the context of heated debates about reforming the colonial education system, he had written in the journal that “The Soviet educational system should help our legislature to mould its future system too on similar lines.”
Most importantly, the workers in the Ceylon Trade Union Federation, led by M.G. Mendis, also played an enthusiastic role. These workers were organised in the packaging and export of rubber and tea, as well as in the ports. The Lanka-Soviet Journal recalls that “When an order for the Soviet Union came in, the workers, one and all, put in their weight and finished the order in record time.”
In one incident, Tiddy Perera, a unionised worker for Harrison & Crossfield Ltd., was fired by the management in order to weaken the union. However, Perera refused to leave the store as the workers were in the midst of completing an order destined for the USSR. When Perera was told there would be no compensation for the additional work, his reply was, “I will work free for the Soviet Union.”
The Need for a New Peace Movement
Everywhere today we see echoes and shadows of the fascism of the 1930s. The US and the EU have decided that the solution to the present economic crisis will be a form of military Keynesianism. Austerity rules, so harshly enforced on workers in the decades of neoliberalism, are being eased to fill the pockets of the warmongers. According to Stockholm-based SIPRI, world military spending in 2024 rose at the highest rate in four decades. The US-led military bloc, inclusive of NATO and non-NATO military allies, comprises over 74% of world military spending.
But this is not the same conjuncture, and there are crucial differences. The far right of today is, for the most part, more than capable of ruling within the framework of institutions built up in the neoliberal era. Meanwhile, the state of social movements is not what it was in the 1930s, where fascism was also a political response to the surging workers’ movement and the popularity of communism.
The war in Ukraine has been a theatre for the contemporary revival of fascism. Since at least 2014, NATO-aligned forces have been supporting the revival of neo-Nazi groups, banning the local left-wing organisations and waging a genocidal campaign against Russian speakers in the Donbas region.
There are also many underreported wars raging on the African continent, such as in Sudan where 150,000 people have been killed and 13 million displaced, while Arab monarchies, backed by the Global North, jockey for control over resources such as gold. There is also the ongoing destabilisation of the Democratic Republic of Congo, where imperialism acts through regional governments such as Rwanda to facilitate the theft of natural resources necessary for the fourth industrial revolution.
In West Asia, the Israeli genocidal campaign in Gaza has killed over 53,000 people, while the US and its allies continue to provide weaponry and diplomatic cover to the perpetrators. In South Asia, the recent escalations between nuclear-powered India and Pakistan threatens to drag this region further into jingoism and war. In East Asia, the effects of the US-led New Cold War on China, including encirclement of China by military bases, provocation of separatism in Taiwan, and the steady revival of militarism in Japan, all threaten to drag the world into more wars.
Given our own rich history of internationalism and anti-imperialism, Sri Lanka is in a unique position to contribute to a global peace movement to reject new wars, both cold and hot. The history of the solidarity campaigns of the 1940s shows that such campaigns are most successful when they are nurtured from the bottom up, with active participation of the workers, peasants, and intelligentsia. To move in this direction requires immense work, and a break from the narrow bounds of economism and electoralism that have infected many of our social movements and political organisations following the assault on the Left from the 1980s onwards.
(Shiran Illanperuma is a researcher at Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research and a co-editor of Wenhua Zongheng: A Journal of Contemporary Chinese Thought. He is also a co-convenor of the Asia Progress Forum, which can be contacted at asiaprogressforum@gmail.com)
by Shiran Illanperuma
Features
US’ drastic aid cut to UN poses moral challenge to world
‘Adapt, shrink or die’ – thus runs the warning issued by the Trump administration to UN humanitarian agencies with brute insensitivity in the wake of its recent decision to drastically reduce to $2bn its humanitarian aid to the UN system. This is a substantial climb down from the $17bn the US usually provided to the UN for its humanitarian operations.
Considering that the US has hitherto been the UN’s biggest aid provider, it need hardly be said that the US decision would pose a daunting challenge to the UN’s humanitarian operations around the world. This would indeed mean that, among other things, people living in poverty and stifling material hardships, in particularly the Southern hemisphere, could dramatically increase. Coming on top of the US decision to bring to an end USAID operations, the poor of the world could be said to have been left to their devices as a consequence of these morally insensitive policy rethinks of the Trump administration.
Earlier, the UN had warned that it would be compelled to reduce its aid programs in the face of ‘the deepest funding cuts ever.’ In fact the UN is on record as requesting the world for $23bn for its 2026 aid operations.
If this UN appeal happens to go unheeded, the possibilities are that the UN would not be in a position to uphold the status it has hitherto held as the world’s foremost humanitarian aid provider. It would not be incorrect to state that a substantial part of the rationale for the UN’s existence could come in for questioning if its humanitarian identity is thus eroded.
Inherent in these developments is a challenge for those sections of the international community that wish to stand up and be counted as humanists and the ‘Conscience of the World.’ A responsibility is cast on them to not only keep the UN system going but to also ensure its increased efficiency as a humanitarian aid provider to particularly the poorest of the poor.
It is unfortunate that the US is increasingly opting for a position of international isolation. Such a policy position was adopted by it in the decades leading to World War Two and the consequences for the world as a result for this policy posture were most disquieting. For instance, it opened the door to the flourishing of dictatorial regimes in the West, such as that led by Adolph Hitler in Germany, which nearly paved the way for the subjugation of a good part of Europe by the Nazis.
If the US had not intervened militarily in the war on the side of the Allies, the West would have faced the distressing prospect of coming under the sway of the Nazis and as a result earned indefinite political and military repression. By entering World War Two the US helped to ward off these bleak outcomes and indeed helped the major democracies of Western Europe to hold their own and thrive against fascism and dictatorial rule.
Republican administrations in the US in particular have not proved the greatest defenders of democratic rule the world over, but by helping to keep the international power balance in favour of democracy and fundamental human rights they could keep under a tight leash fascism and linked anti-democratic forces even in contemporary times. Russia’s invasion and continued occupation of parts of Ukraine reminds us starkly that the democracy versus fascism battle is far from over.
Right now, the US needs to remain on the side of the rest of the West very firmly, lest fascism enjoys another unfettered lease of life through the absence of countervailing and substantial military and political power.
However, by reducing its financial support for the UN and backing away from sustaining its humanitarian programs the world over the US could be laying the ground work for an aggravation of poverty in the South in particular and its accompaniments, such as, political repression, runaway social discontent and anarchy.
What should not go unnoticed by the US is the fact that peace and social stability in the South and the flourishing of the same conditions in the global North are symbiotically linked, although not so apparent at first blush. For instance, if illegal migration from the South to the US is a major problem for the US today, it is because poor countries are not receiving development assistance from the UN system to the required degree. Such deprivation on the part of the South leads to aggravating social discontent in the latter and consequences such as illegal migratory movements from South to North.
Accordingly, it will be in the North’s best interests to ensure that the South is not deprived of sustained development assistance since the latter is an essential condition for social contentment and stable governance, which factors in turn would guard against the emergence of phenomena such as illegal migration.
Meanwhile, democratic sections of the rest of the world in particular need to consider it a matter of conscience to ensure the sustenance and flourishing of the UN system. To be sure, the UN system is considerably flawed but at present it could be called the most equitable and fair among international development organizations and the most far-flung one. Without it world poverty would have proved unmanageable along with the ills that come along with it.
Dehumanizing poverty is an indictment on humanity. It stands to reason that the world community should rally round the UN and ensure its survival lest the abomination which is poverty flourishes. In this undertaking the world needs to stand united. Ambiguities on this score could be self-defeating for the world community.
For example, all groupings of countries that could demonstrate economic muscle need to figure prominently in this initiative. One such grouping is BRICS. Inasmuch as the US and the West should shrug aside Realpolitik considerations in this enterprise, the same goes for organizations such as BRICS.
The arrival at the above international consensus would be greatly facilitated by stepped up dialogue among states on the continued importance of the UN system. Fresh efforts to speed-up UN reform would prove major catalysts in bringing about these positive changes as well. Also requiring to be shunned is the blind pursuit of narrow national interests.
Features
Egg white scene …
Hi! Great to be back after my Christmas break.
Thought of starting this week with egg white.
Yes, eggs are brimming with nutrients beneficial for your overall health and wellness, but did you know that eggs, especially the whites, are excellent for your complexion?
OK, if you have no idea about how to use egg whites for your face, read on.
Egg White, Lemon, Honey:
Separate the yolk from the egg white and add about a teaspoon of freshly squeezed lemon juice and about one and a half teaspoons of organic honey. Whisk all the ingredients together until they are mixed well.
Apply this mixture to your face and allow it to rest for about 15 minutes before cleansing your face with a gentle face wash.
Don’t forget to apply your favourite moisturiser, after using this face mask, to help seal in all the goodness.
Egg White, Avocado:
In a clean mixing bowl, start by mashing the avocado, until it turns into a soft, lump-free paste, and then add the whites of one egg, a teaspoon of yoghurt and mix everything together until it looks like a creamy paste.
Apply this mixture all over your face and neck area, and leave it on for about 20 to 30 minutes before washing it off with cold water and a gentle face wash.
Egg White, Cucumber, Yoghurt:
In a bowl, add one egg white, one teaspoon each of yoghurt, fresh cucumber juice and organic honey. Mix all the ingredients together until it forms a thick paste.
Apply this paste all over your face and neck area and leave it on for at least 20 minutes and then gently rinse off this face mask with lukewarm water and immediately follow it up with a gentle and nourishing moisturiser.
Egg White, Aloe Vera, Castor Oil:
To the egg white, add about a teaspoon each of aloe vera gel and castor oil and then mix all the ingredients together and apply it all over your face and neck area in a thin, even layer.
Leave it on for about 20 minutes and wash it off with a gentle face wash and some cold water. Follow it up with your favourite moisturiser.
Features
Confusion cropping up with Ne-Yo in the spotlight
Superlatives galore were used, especially on social media, to highlight R&B singer Ne-Yo’s trip to Sri Lanka: Global superstar Ne-Yo to perform live in Colombo this December; Ne-Yo concert puts Sri Lanka back on the global entertainment map; A global music sensation is coming to Sri Lanka … and there were lots more!
At an official press conference, held at a five-star venue, in Colombo, it was indicated that the gathering marked a defining moment for Sri Lanka’s entertainment industry as international R&B powerhouse and three-time Grammy Award winner Ne-Yo prepares to take the stage in Colombo this December.
What’s more, the occasion was graced by the presence of Sunil Kumara Gamage, Minister of Sports & Youth Affairs of Sri Lanka, and Professor Ruwan Ranasinghe, Deputy Minister of Tourism, alongside distinguished dignitaries, sponsors, and members of the media.
According to reports, the concert had received the official endorsement of the Sri Lanka Tourism Promotion Bureau, recognising it as a flagship initiative in developing the country’s concert economy by attracting fans, and media, from all over South Asia.
However, I had that strange feeling that this concert would not become a reality, keeping in mind what happened to Nick Carter’s Colombo concert – cancelled at the very last moment.
Carter issued a video message announcing he had to return to the USA due to “unforeseen circumstances” and a “family emergency”.
Though “unforeseen circumstances” was the official reason provided by Carter and the local organisers, there was speculation that low ticket sales may also have been a factor in the cancellation.
Well, “Unforeseen Circumstances” has cropped up again!
In a brief statement, via social media, the organisers of the Ne-Yo concert said the decision was taken due to “unforeseen circumstances and factors beyond their control.”
Ne-Yo, too, subsequently made an announcement, citing “Unforeseen circumstances.”
The public has a right to know what these “unforeseen circumstances” are, and who is to be blamed – the organisers or Ne-Yo!
Ne-Yo’s management certainly need to come out with the truth.
However, those who are aware of some of the happenings in the setup here put it down to poor ticket sales, mentioning that the tickets for the concert, and a meet-and-greet event, were exorbitantly high, considering that Ne-Yo is not a current mega star.
We also had a cancellation coming our way from Shah Rukh Khan, who was scheduled to visit Sri Lanka for the City of Dreams resort launch, and then this was received: “Unfortunately due to unforeseen personal reasons beyond his control, Mr. Khan is no longer able to attend.”
Referring to this kind of mess up, a leading showbiz personality said that it will only make people reluctant to buy their tickets, online.
“Tickets will go mostly at the gate and it will be very bad for the industry,” he added.
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