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Can Debt-for-Climate and Nature Swaps help make Sri Lanka’s debt more manageable?

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Lakmini Fernando is a Research Fellow at IPS with primary research interest in Development Economics, Public Finance and Climate Change. She has expertise in econometric data analysis, research design and causal methodologies. Lakmini holds a BSc in Agriculture from the University of Peradeniya, a Master of Development Economics (Advanced) from the University of Queensland, Australia and a PhD in Economics from the University of Adelaide, Australia.

Sunimalee Madurawala is a Research Economist at the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS). She has over 15 years of research experience in the areas of gender, health economics and population studies. Sunimalee holds a BA (Economics Special) degree with a first-class and a Masters in Economics (MEcon) degree from the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.

By Dr Lakmini Fernando and Sunimalee Madurawala

Sri Lanka’s economic crisis, fuelled by unsustainable debt and a default in 2022, left the country struggling to stabilise its economy. Its high climate vulnerability that disrupts livelihoods exacerbated the economic challenges. In the face of dual pressures from an economic crisis and climate vulnerability, the need for alternative approaches to financial recovery has never been more urgent. Therefore, debt-for-climate-and-nature (DfCN) swaps could be a possible option to lower the financial burden while addressing climate challenges.

The Need for Alternative Financing Options in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka was forced to default on its external debt and seek a USD 3 billion bailout from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in March 2023. Its total debt stock stood at USD 92 billion, with 40% being external debt in 2023. Sri Lanka’s debt portfolio is complex and its outstanding debt to China and India accounted for 18% of total external debt (59% of bilateral loans) in September 2022 (Figure 1). Amidst the conclusion of debt restructuring, Sri Lanka might benefit by opening to alternative financial instruments.

DfCN Swaps as an Alternative

DfCN swaps are a sovereign debt restructuring tool that helps (partial) restructuring of external debt in exchange for domestic investment in climate action. Well-designed DfCN swaps provide debtor countries the fiscal space to invest in climate adaptation and biodiversity sustainability.

With unsustainable debt and climate change identified as pressing issues for developing countries, Sri Lanka emerges as a priority country for DfCN swaps. Earlier, DfCN swaps followed a ‘piecemeal approach’ – implementing smaller, uncoordinated projects and managing funds through extrabudgetary channels. In contrast, recent swaps follow a ‘systematic approach’ – focusing on broader programmes instead of individual projects and providing budget support by channelling funds directly into debtor countries’ national budgets. This approach makes DfCN swaps more effective by mobilising larger amounts of funds, increasing debtor governments’ accountability, linking payments to performance, and aligning Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) in target setting.

Global Context and Debt Swap Options for Sri Lanka

DfCN swaps was first introduced in 1984 in response to the deteriorating tropical rain forests and mounting debt obligations in Latin America. Since then, many countries have adopted DfCN swaps to address both financial and environmental challenges.

In 2002, the United States (US) engaged in a bilateral swap with Peru, subsidised by NGOs such as The Nature Conservancy (TNC),

to protect over 1 million hectares of wilderness areas. The US has also engaged in similar swaps with Guatemala and Indonesia to protect tropical forests.

In 2015, Seychelles, pioneered a Blue Economy debt for nature swaps, converting USD 21.6 million of sovereign debt with Paris Club creditors to fund marine conservation. This is considered the world’s first debt swap for ocean conservation and climate adaptation.

Belize engaged in a ‘tripartite blue economy swap’ with the TNC in 2021, which reduced its external debt by 10% of GDP. TNC helped Belize to buy back USD 553 million of national debt borrowed from commercial creditors (30% of GDP) by issuing USD 346 million in blue bonds (10% of GDP). In response, Belize agreed to invest in marine conservation. This deal allows buy back of entire external commercial debt by TNC and Belize to invest USD 4 million annually on marine conservation until 2041 aiming to increase marine-protection parks from 15.9% of its oceans to 30% in 2040. Hence, this deal addresses the triple objectives of restoring debt sustainability, promoting sustainable development and enhancing climate resilience.

In 2023, Ecuador entered into the world’s largest DfCN swap, facilitated by Credit Suisse, buying back USD 1.6 billion of sovereign debt for USD 656 million in new sovereign debt. In return, Ecuador agreed to allocate USD 450 million in long-term marine conservation in the Galápagos Islands. The success of this deal was driven by several key factors: participation of academia, collaboration and consensus among multiple stakeholders including civil society and local governments, an innovative financing model, and government leadership.

The effectiveness of swaps depends on the ability to address several key challenges: political and macroeconomic stability to ensure long-term accomplishment; stable institutional structures to denote stability in planning and implementation; strong regulatory frameworks to cover both financial and environmental obligations; and knowledge/skills on swaps at every level of the public service. Accordingly, the success of DfCN swaps is dependent on the leadership role of debtor governments and a systematic approach in the designing and implementation of swaps.

Debt swaps are determined collectively by the respective parties involved, hence, it is difficult to predict the magnitudes of these swaps. However, following the three criteria proposed by Boland (2023) on the magnitude of debt, type of lending (whether it is a commercial or concessional loans) and interest of the creditors (considering the country’s track record), Sri Lanka may consider the following four creditors for a possible DfCN swap in the future (Table 1).

Way Forward

In addressing the triple challenges of high indebtedness, climate change and loss of nature, DfCN swaps can serve as an effective alternative fiscal instrument for debt-ridden Sri Lanka. Systematic planning and stringent government commitment and all relevant key stakeholders are crucial for its success. Also, addressing knowledge and skill gaps on debt swaps is crucial. With sufficient political and macro-stability, Sri Lanka could be ready to implement DfCN swaps potentially accelerating its economic recovery.



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Global regulators convene in Colombo for key IOSCO enforcement and cooperation discussions

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Dignitaries at the wide-ranging discussions.

The Securities and Exchange Commission of Sri Lanka (SEC) successfully hosted a series of high-level meetings of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), bringing together leading securities regulators and enforcement officials from around the world to discuss emerging regulatory challenges, strengthen international cooperation, and enhance collective efforts to combat cross-border securities market misconduct.

The meetings, held at the Hilton Colombo from 13 to 16 October 2026, included sessions of the IOSCO Enforcement and Cooperation Committee and its Screening Group (Committee 4/SG), as well as meetings of the Monitoring Group and the Steering Committee. The event attracted approximately 50 senior representatives from securities regulators and exchanges across several jurisdictions, including Australia, Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Canada, New Zealand, India, Germany, Belgium, Singapore, China and Spain, reflecting the global significance of the discussions and the growing importance of international regulatory collaboration.

Welcoming delegates to Sri Lanka, Senior Professor D.B.P.H. Dissabandara, Chairman of the SEC, emphasized the critical role of international cooperation in safeguarding market integrity and investor confidence in an increasingly interconnected financial landscape.

“No regulator can effectively address cross-border misconduct in isolation. The speed with which information, transactions and illicit activities can move across borders requires an equally coordinated and timely regulatory response. Strong international cooperation, effective information sharing and mutual trust among regulators are essential to maintaining fair, transparent and resilient capital markets,” he stated.

The discussions focused on a range of enforcement and cooperation matters, including mechanisms for enhancing cross-border information exchange, strengthening investigative collaboration among regulators, addressing increasingly sophisticated forms of securities fraud and market abuse, and promoting the effective implementation of international standards and best practices. Participants also exchanged experiences and insights on emerging enforcement challenges arising from technological developments, digitalization of financial services, and increasingly interconnected global markets.

IOSCO is recognized as the leading international body that brings together the world’s securities regulators and serves as the global standard setter for securities regulation. Through its policy work and cooperative initiatives, IOSCO plays a central role in promoting investor protection, ensuring that markets are fair, efficient and transparent, reducing systemic risk, and strengthening confidence in capital markets worldwide.

Sri Lanka has maintained a strong and active relationship with IOSCO for more than three decades. The SEC became an Ordinary Member of IOSCO in 1993 and has been a signatory to the IOSCO Multilateral Memorandum of Understanding (MMoU) since 2004. The MMoU is the internationally recognised benchmark for cooperation and information sharing among securities regulators and serves as a critical tool in facilitating cross-border investigations and enforcement actions.

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Pan Asia Bank partners Ideal Motors to offer leasing solutions

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Representatives of both parties are seen exchanging the agreement (Standing from left to right) Officials from Ideal motors: Trevene Ferdinand, AGM - Corporate/Tender; Dinesh Manage, Business Development Manager; Kasun Fernando, General Manager - Commercial Vehicles; Nimisha Welgama, Director – Legal and Corporate Affairs; Officials from Pan Asia Bank: Naleen Edirisinghe, Director/CEO; Yohan Ebell, Head of Retail Credit; Sudharshana Hettiarachchi, Officer in Charge – Leasing; and Kanchana Kannangara, National Sales Manager – Leasing.

Pan Asia Bank recently entered into a one-year Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Ideal Motors (Pvt) Ltd, creating a new financing avenue for customers purchasing vehicles from the authorised Mahindra dealer. The strategic partnership will enable customers of Ideal Motors to access leasing facilities from Pan Asia Bank, making vehicle financing more convenient while supporting their mobility and business requirements. The agreement also provides an opportunity for the Bank to expand its leasing portfolio and strengthen its presence in Sri Lanka’s vehicle financing market.

Ideal Motors is the authorised dealer for the Mahindra vehicle range in Sri Lanka, including the Mahindra Bolero CPU Truck and Scorpio Jeep/Pickup. The vehicles cater to a range of requirements, from commercial and business applications to personal mobility, making accessible financing an important part of the purchasing decision.

The Bank’s vehicle leasing facilities are designed to simplify the financing process, with convenient repayment options and professional support to help customers select a solution suited to their requirements. For customers, the arrangement brings vehicle selection and financing closer together, reducing the need to navigate the two processes separately.

“Our partnership with Ideal Motors enables us to bring financing closer to customers at the point of vehicle purchase. We remain focused on providing convenient and flexible leasing solutions that support both personal mobility and the needs of businesses,” said Naleen Edirisinghe, Director/CEO of Pan Asia Bank.

Pan Asia Bank and Ideal Motors will work closely during the one-year partnership to maximise business opportunities and deliver a seamless financing experience to customers. The collaboration is expected to strengthen both organisations’ ability to respond to demand for commercial and personal vehicles while creating greater value for customers.

Yohan Ebell, Head of Retail Credit, Pan Asia Bank, said: “Through this partnership, we aim to make vehicle financing simpler and more accessible, with leasing solutions designed to meet the varied requirements of Ideal Motors’ customers.”

The collaboration also reflects Pan Asia Bank’s commitment to building partnerships that make financial services more accessible and responsive to the needs of individuals and businesses.

Pan Asia Bank has established a growing presence in vehicle financing, offering leasing solutions designed around customer convenience and flexibility. Its leasing proposition is supported by a nationwide branch network and a customer-focused approach, enabling customers to obtain guidance on financing options while completing their vehicle purchase.

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Heritance Hotels and Resorts secures four wins at World Travel Awards 2026

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Heritance Hotels and Resorts has secured four distinguished titles at the World Travel Awards 2026, with three national awards recognising its Sri Lankan properties and an international title for Heritance Aarah in the Maldives.

The three Sri Lankan titles recognise Heritance Tea Factory as Sri Lanka’s Leading Heritage Hotel 2026, Heritance Ahungalla as Sri Lanka’s Leading Luxury Hotel 2026, and Heritance Kandalama as Sri Lanka’s Leading Wedding Hotel 2026. Heritance Aarah was named the Indian Ocean’s Leading All-Inclusive Resort 2026.

Internationally recognised within the global travel and tourism industry, the World Travel Awards celebrate excellence across hotels, resorts, and destinations. Recognition at this level affirms the quality, distinctiveness, and consistency of the experiences delivered by Heritance Hotels and Resorts.

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