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Libya makes waves as the Non-Aligned Conference kicks off in 1976

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President William Gopallawa, then Ambassador to Washington, with President John. F. Kennedy at the White House

(Excerpted from the autobiography of MDD Peiris, Secretary to the Prime Minister)

On August 6, the Prime Minister despatched me to meet President Gopallawa, and brief him on all the arrangements for the Non-Aligned Conference. The President was always dressed in spotless white cloth and a kind of formal white tunic top. He was simple in his speech, soft spoken and courteous. He also possessed a self-depreciating kind of humour. One day he told me that in 1972, when we became a Republic and the Governor General became President, he used to sometimes telephone someone and say that he was the President speaking, and invariably they asked “President of what?”

He obviously derived a great deal of simple amusement from such experiences. But behind his kindness and simplicity lay an acute intelligence, and an ability for unruffled and balanced judgment. This made him an effective non-executive President. The President listened carefully to the briefing; took down a few notes; asked a few questions; and as always, had some useful suggestions to offer. It was always a pleasure to deal with him.

A thorny security issue

We were now very close to the beginning of the conference and much of our time was spent on conference issues. Whilst Ministries such as the Ministry of Defence and Foreign Affairs functioned as specialized units covering their areas of responsibility, the Prime Minister’s office became a central clearing house for issues coming in from all the concerned Ministries and agencies. Decisions, now had to be taken almost immediately, because otherwise, some important activity would be held up, and that hold up invariably would impinge on other activities in a kind of chain reaction.

It was in this context, that an immediate decision had to be taken on an important security issue. The back up delegations, including the personal security details of various heads of state and government were now flying in. I have already mentioned the nervousness of the Egyptians about President Gaddafi and the Libyan delegation. One night, after an exhausting day for the Prime Minister and most of us, she and I were seated at the long main dining table at Temple Trees at about 11.30 in the night. We were finalizing some urgent matters, which had to be attended to before we could think of sleep.

The telephone switchboard operator buzzed us and said that there was an urgent call from General Attygalle, the Commander of the Army, from the airport at Katunayake. The Prime Minister had ordered the stationing of senior security forces personnel at the airport during this time, and General Attygalle was personally detailed this day because of several important back up and security delegations arriving, including the Libyans. We had obtained and installed special x-ray machines at the airport and all baggage were screened.

General Attygalle’s urgent call was now about the advance Libyan contingent that had arrived and were refusing to have their main baggage x-rayed or examined on grounds of diplomatic immunity. X-rays had already shown that some of the personnel were carrying pistols. They did not want the baggage examined. This had become both a security and a diplomatic issue and the General wished to have instructions as to what to do.

There was no time for committees or consultations. A decision had to be taken immediately. The Prime Minister and I discussed the matter briefly, after which she issued strict instructions that under no circumstances was any single un-xrayed piece of baggage be permitted to be brought in by any delegation or anybody. The Libyans were to be told that they had three options. One was to permit the x-rays and other checks. The second was to keep on the aircraft any baggage which they did not wished checked, and the aircraft to be guarded by the Sri Lankan security forces 24 hours a day until their departure. If they were not agreeable to these, the third option was for the aircraft to be refueled and for them to leave.

General Attygalle was happy. These were clear and unambiguous instructions. He rang off. The time was well past midnight and the Prime Minister appeared to be exceedingly weary. I advised her to get some sleep, and said that I would tell the Temple Trees switchboard to direct any further calls to me at home, and that I would wake her, only if I considered it important enough to do so. She thanked me and agreed. Fortunately, there were only two other calls that night, and both came before I fell asleep. One of them was from General Attygalle to announce that the Libyan’s bags were sent back to the aircraft. This fell in line with option two, which meant that a special guard was placed on that aircraft. So another working day ended, when the next day had already dawned.

Preliminary meetings before the summit

We were on a roster to meet and greet the delegations that were flying in for the conference and 8 a.m. to 12 noon on August 7 was my turn to welcome the Foreign Secretaries who were arriving. On the morning of August 9, the large Coordinating Bureau meeting of the conference had its first session. These meetings continued during the afternoon of the following three days. Important procedural and other matters were discussed and agreement reached in time to report to the Foreign Ministers’ meeting, which began work on Aug. 12th. The Foreign Ministers themselves met for three days and smoothed out many matters.

All these meetings were at the BMICH. A second Prime Minister’s office was opened in a suite of rooms at the conference hall and I now worked from there. There was a great deal of co-ordination and trouble-shooting to be done. I had to strengthen this office with high quality experienced personnel. Mr. Nihal Jayawickrema, Secretary to the Ministry of Justice, and Mr. M. Sanmuganathan, by now Secretary, Constitutional Affairs kindly accepted my invitation to work in the office. They possessed experience, maturity and judgement and were of immense assistance in the large task of general co-ordination.

This arrangement was all the more important since the Prime Minister wanted me to sit in when Heads of State and Government and Foreign Ministers called on her at her own temporarily set up office at the BMICH. Scheduling these appointments and sitting in took a great deal of time, and on practically everyday, we finished well past 1 a.m. As far as my personal schedule was concerned, ever since the beginning of the Co-ordinating Bureau meeting, and until the end of the conference, a period of about 19 days, there wasn’t a single day where I could get to bed before 2 a.m. By 8 a.m. I was back again.

Vernon Mendis was to be the Secretary General of the Conference. He was the Director-General of Foreign Affairs in the Foreign Ministry, the most senior position that could be held by a Foreign Service Officer at the time. Vernon was scholarly, widely read and greatly experienced. He also possessed the confidence, energy and drive to make a success of his formidable new assignment.

Beginning of the main conference

The main conference of the Heads of State and Government began on the morning of August 16. The heads of delegations were to be brought in a series of motorcades, from the hotels they were staying, which hotels in fact were completely taken over for the conference, with no other guests permitted. The motorcades consisted of a number of cars, for the heads of delegations, other important members of the delegation and security vehicles. Each motorcade was led by a police pilot car with flashing lights. A

large number of new cars were purchased and brought down for the conference.

Each Head of Delegation had a middle level officer of the Army, Navy or Airforce attached to him or her as a liaison officer who rode in the main car. Each motorcade was to stop at the main porch at the entrance to the hall. From here, after climbing a few steps the Head of State or Government accompanied by his liaison officer smartly turned out, walked along a red carpet towards the main door leading to the foyer of the hall. Near this door stood the Prime Minister to receive the participants. Directly opposite her, on the other side of the red carpet stood a formidable array of photographers and TV camera crews, representing the World’s press and media.

In making the final arrangements, the Prime Minister did not wish to stand alone. There was no Foreign Minister to stand with her because she was also the Foreign Minister. In fact, after discussion and mutual agreement, Minister Felix Dias Bandaranaike, had been elected by the countries to Chair the Foreign Ministers meeting in view of the prevailing position in Sri Lanka. The Prime Minister, therefore, asked WT Jayasinghe the Foreign Secretary; Dr. Mackie Ratwatte her Private Secretary and myself to stand with her at the entrance to the hall.

Superintendent of Police Leo Perera and his team were in charge of motorcade arrangements and traffic control. The delegations were to arrive according to the alphabetical order of the participating countries. Therefore, President Boumadienne of Algeria, who at the time of writing happened to be the current Chairman of the Nonaligned movement, consequent to the fourth Non-aligned summit held in Algeria, was to arrive first, not because he was Chairman, but according to alphabetical order.

The instructions were that the first motorcade should arrive at the hall at 9 a.m. followed by the others. To the credit of S.P. Leo Perera and his officers, President Boumadienne arrived at the BMICH on the dot at 9 a.m. followed by the others in an unending procession for the next one hour twenty minutes or so. The inauguration of the conference was to be at 11 a.m. which was going to be a short formal session which passed the Chairmanship from Algeria to Sri Lanka. The Prime Minister was due to make her inaugural address, followed by some votes of thanks and then the passing over of the Chairmanship.

Standing by the Prime Minister, we had nothing to do but to watch the impressive spectacle unfolding before our eyes. Yugoslavia had sent a ship that was anchored in the harbour and President Tito and his wife stayed on board, rather than in a hotel. They had also got down a bullet proof Mercedes Benz stretch limousine, for their travel in Sri Lanka.

The Indian Prime Minister, Mrs. Gandhi had informed us that she was flying in from Bangalore, and that she could be a bit late, but would try to get in by about 10.30 a.m. Special arrangements were made, the moment she arrived to fly her by helicopter to the Saracens grounds, now the Air Force grounds in Slave Island, from where her motorcade was to commence. Everything went very smoothly. All the delegations had arrived by about 10.15 a.m. except the Indian Prime Minister.

The Prime Minister decided to wait for her. We soon received information from the police that she had arrived and was on her way. At around 10.30 a.m. Mrs. Gandhi arrived, and began walking down the red carpet in her customarily brisk manner. At this point, I was confronted with a totally unexpected and most surprising question. The Prime Minister turned to me and asked with a note of urgency in her voice, “Dharmasiri, how do I greet her?” I of course knew that on the previous occasions they had met, they had kissed and greeted each other. The Prime Minister certainly knew that. But the problem seemed to be that she suddenly felt shy to do this in front of literally hundreds of newspaper photographers and TV cameras.

The TV cameras were already rolling and we were bathed in powerful strobe lights. Secretaries to Prime Ministers, no doubt, are compelled to face many unexpected situations during their careers. This was however, one of the most unexpected. There was no time for consultation or contemplation. Mrs. Gandhi was now within a few yards of the Prime Minister. I said “Kiss her.” What happened thereafter was spontaneous, and I believe had nothing to do with any advice. The two Prime Ministers naturally and unselfconsciously embraced, and the next morning’s newspapers carried this charming picture on their front pages.



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Combining local resources,traditional knowledge and science to build a food-secure Sri Lanka

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World Food Day 2026: Innovating today for a better food future

by Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara

What will be on the Sri Lankan dinner table ten years from now? Will our children be able to get nutritious food at a price their families can afford? Will farmers be able to grow enough despite changing weather and rising costs? And how much of the food we produce will actually reach the consumer, instead of being lost or wasted along the way?

These questions can’t wait. A farmer faces unpredictable weather. A family faces rising food costs. Fruit goes unsold after a good harvest. Some children do not get enough nutrition. The future of food is tied to the future of Sri Lanka itself.

World Food Day 2026 is a chance to look beyond the immediate problems and ask whether we can build a food system that feeds our people well, gives farmers better opportunities, protects the environment and makes better use of what we already have. The answer can be yes, but we will have to think differently.

We are not starting from zero. Sri Lanka has diverse crops, fisheries, traditional food knowledge, indigenous varieties, research institutions, universities and a young generation able to create new solutions. What we need is to bring these together and act. Producing more will not secure our food future on its own. It will depend on how intelligently we produce, process, preserve, distribute and consume food.

Making more of what we already have

Innovation does not always mean inventing something new. Often it means finding better uses for the resources we have.

Sri Lanka grows traditional rice varieties, kurakkan, green gram, cowpea, jackfruit, breadfruit, cassava, sweet potato, coconut and palmyrah. All of them have great potential for modern, nutritious, value-added foods. Jackfruit and breadfruit can be made into flour and other convenient products. Traditional rice varieties can go into new foods that suit changing consumer needs. Palmyrah, with its strong cultural heritage, can create new income through better processing, packaging, quality assurance and market development.

The aim is to connect our traditional food knowledge with modern consumer needs and technology, while keeping our food heritage.

Stop wasting the food we produce

Reducing food loss and waste should be a major priority. Seasonal fruits such as mango, banana, papaya and pineapple can be lost in large quantities when production exceeds demand or when storage, transport and processing facilities are inadequate. With suitable technology, these fruits can become dried products, pulps, powders, beverages and other shelf-stable foods.

Agricultural and fisheries by-products are resources too. They could be turned into food ingredients, animal feed, bio-based products and other useful materials, which would move us toward a more circular food economy.

Technology alone is not enough. We need stronger local processing facilities, cold storage, efficient transport, collection centres and market information systems, especially close to where food is produced. Cutting food loss raises the value of what our farmers and fishers already produce.

Nutrition and food safety come first

Food security means more than having enough food. People also need food that is safe and nutritious.

Sri Lanka can develop affordable, nutritious foods from local pulses, grains, vegetables, fruits and fish. Children and other vulnerable groups should get particular attention. Schoolchildren in particular deserve a focus: safe, nutritious, locally sourced products for school feeding programs would support child nutrition, local farmers and domestic food industries at the same time.

Food safety must stay at the centre of food innovation. Good hygiene, quality control, laboratory testing, traceability and appropriate food safety systems are what make new products safe as well as attractive and nutritious.

A food system that can cope with climate change

Climate change is already affecting agricultural production, water availability, crop yields and food prices. We need food systems that can handle changing conditions. That means climate-resilient crops, efficient water use, soil and water conservation, better storage and resource-efficient food processing.

Traditional knowledge matters here. Generations of Sri Lankan farmers have developed practices suited to local climates and ecosystems. Combining that experience with modern science can give us solutions that fit local conditions and are sustainable. Technology alone will not build the future of food. Science, experience and local knowledge together can.

Give young people a bigger role

Sri Lanka’s universities have an important part to play in shaping our food future. Young people should be encouraged to identify real problems in the food system and work on practical solutions in areas such as food waste, sustainable packaging, nutrition, food safety, modernising traditional foods and digital technologies.

A good research project should not always end as a research paper. Where appropriate, research should be supported to move on to products, technologies, enterprises and community solutions. That needs stronger partnerships between universities and industry, along with mentoring, research funding, business support and market connections. If young researchers and entrepreneurs can turn their ideas into viable food innovations, both consumers and producers will benefit.

A pathway designed for Sri Lanka

We do not need to copy food-system models from other countries. We can build a pathway that suits our own resources, culture and needs. It would bring together local resources, traditional knowledge, scientific research, appropriate technology and entrepreneurship, with farmers, fishers, universities, research institutions, food industries, entrepreneurs and policymakers working side by side.

The goal goes beyond selling raw materials. We need to create more value, reduce waste, improve nutrition, generate jobs and strengthen rural livelihoods. This matters especially for small and medium-scale food enterprises, which can drive local economic development when they get the right technical, financial and market support.

The choices we make today

The food future will not create itself. It will be shaped by what we grow, what we research, what we process, what we consume and what we choose not to waste.

So, the question for World Food Day 2026 is this: what can we do today so that every Sri Lankan has safe, nutritious, affordable and sustainable food tomorrow?

The answers are already around us, in our farms, fisheries, food businesses, universities, laboratories and communities. We have the resources, the traditional knowledge, the scientific expertise and talented young people. What we need now is to connect them and act.

A better food future begins with the choices we make today.

Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara

Senior Lecturer, Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ruhuna

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20th Anniversary of Digampathana blast – the day Sri Lanka Navy cried

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Aftermath of the terror attack

By Admiral Ravindra C Wijegunaratne
WV, RWP and Bar, RSP, VSV, USP, NI (M) (Pakistan), ndc, psn, Bsc
(Hons) (War Studies) (Karachi) MPhil (Madras)
Former Navy Commander and Former Chief of Defence Staff
Former Chairman, Trincomalee Petroleum Terminals Ltd
Former Managing Director Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
Former High Commissioner to Pakistan

The Digampathana suicide truck attack on 16th October 2006 remains the deadliest single strike in Sri Lanka Navy history, leaving scars that time cannot erase.

It was a seemingly ordinary Monday morning on 16 October 2006, but the calm of that day would soon be shattered in a way none of us could have imagined. As the Commandant of the Naval and Maritime Academy and Flag Officer Commanding Naval Fleet at Trincomalee, I was aware that a number of my cadets were travelling that morning, part of a convoy of fifteen buses carrying naval personnel from Trincomalee, Colombo, and other bases, heading toward Dambulla to rendezvous with another group. The convoy also included trucks and escort vehicles, a routine movement planned and coordinated with the army to ensure the roads were clear. The morning started quietly. Some personnel greeted friends, handed over their weapons, or strolled to a nearby tea shop. It all seemed so ordinary—too ordinary for what would come next.

Sri Lanka Navy sunk LTTE Ships carrying arms, ammunition and warlike materials thousand miles away from Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean in September and October 2007.

By late morning, both convoys had reached the small ground at Digampathana, near the Sigiriya junction, and personnel mingled briefly, unaware that a carefully orchestrated act of terror was waiting. Then, suddenly, an empty half-truck veered directly into the convoy. It exploded with a ferocity I can still recall as if it were yesterday. Nuts, bolts, and high explosives tore through the air. Pandemonium erupted instantly. I later learned that 107 of our naval personnel were killed on the spot and another 153 critically injured. The scene was indescribable—bodies scattered, vehicles mangled, personal effects strewn across the ground. I remember later hearing that the head of the suicide bomber was recovered more than 100 meters away from the blast, a grim testament to the sheer force of the explosion.

I was in my office at the Naval and Maritime Academy when my mobile phone rang. A young midshipman from the 21st intake called, his voice trembling: “Sir, there was a huge explosion at the convoy point! Many are dead … my batch mate Wijesundara is among them.” I immediately jumped into my jeep with my escort Chief Petty Officer and driver and rushed to Digampathana, relying on every ounce of my driving skill to reach the scene. The journey, which usually took little more than an hour, felt endless that day, each passing mile weighed down by dread.

When I arrived, I was confronted with a sight that no training can prepare you for. The injured were being rushed to Dambulla Hospital, where doctors and nurses worked tirelessly, improvising in ways that saved lives despite the overwhelming chaos. I went back to the site after visiting the hospital. The remains of our naval personnel were scattered across the ground, and someone had begun collecting weapons and protective gear. I immediately contacted Surgeon Rear Admiral Nico Jayasekara and received his instructions: collect all body parts in separate bags and transport them to the Trincomalee Naval Hospital mortuary. This gruesome work had to be done with care and dignity, and it filled the icebox in my vehicle. Through DNA testing initiated by Rear Admiral Nico, we were able to identify every naval personnel lost that day, bringing some closure to grieving families.

The Navy Commander at the time, Vice Admiral Wasantha Karannagoda, was devastated. I had worked closely with him and knew how deeply he cared for his men. He ensured that the fallen were honoured with full ceremonial naval funerals at Welisara Naval Base, attended by families and comrades. Sixty-seven funerals were conducted in a single day—a number that still haunts me.

The Digampathana attack remains the largest single loss of naval life in our history. It was a day of sorrow, but also a day that reinforced our resolve. The tragedy galvanized the Navy to target the LTTE Sea Tiger wing with renewed determination and reshaped our maritime operations forever. Every time I think of that day, I remember not just the lives lost, but the courage, professionalism, and dedication of those who survived, those who treated the injured, and those who ensured the fallen were honored properly. May the souls of our naval hero’s rest in peace, their sacrifice guiding us and inspiring generations of naval personnel to come.

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‘Murder at Whitby Abbey’

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Tales of Mystery and Suspense – 24

I was intrigued by the title of a book I found in a book drop at the condominium of a friend, Murder at Whitby Abbey, and I brought it home with me though I will not be able to return it in the near future. It was described on the cover page as ‘a standout in the crowded medieval mystery field’, though I fear I do not know of other books in this field, apart from the Cadfael series, which I have dealt with earlier.

The book, by Cassandra Clark, is set during the reign of Richard II and has as a backdrop his precarious position, which led to his being replaced, and murdered, by his cousin Henry, who reigned as Henry IV. It is a gloomy book, the action taking place in the twelve days of Christmas leading up to the Epiphany. And the gloom is pervasive, even though this is supposed to be a time of festivity, with mummers performing, and many of those in the guest house where the heroine stays going to town to enjoy themselves, with much drinking and much music, which also fills the guesthouse.

The heroine Hildegarde is a nun, sent to try to acquire a relic being sold by Whitby Abbey, though this was also a penance set by the Abbot of the monastery that governed her abbess because she had had sex with a man. Soon after she and her companions reach the Abbey set high on a cliff, she finds that there are other bidders, and soon suspects that the hierarchy, not perhaps the Abbot who seems a weakling, but his rapacious bursar, is determined to make money, and not above creating false relics to sell to several aspirants.

After Hildegarde and her Cistercian companions – Whitby is a Benedictine Foundation – two monks, Gregory and Egbert, and a young priest Mark, reach the abbey, they find that Aelwyn, a monk they had met on their way to the guesthouse had died. This was in the apple store, and they realize, when they find the surplices of novices stuffed into the air vents, that he had been left to suffocate in the overwhelming scent of apples.

Clark

The Cistercians are asked to look into the death, perhaps because they are likely to get no cooperation from the Abbey folk, but perhaps because those in charge are keen to know what happened. And the infirmarer, an old monk, suggests Hildegarde talk to a man called Edred who worked for the bursar, and had been a friend of Aelwyn’s. But Edred too is killed, before he can keep an appointment he had made with Hildegarde, drowned in a pool near the farmhouse of the Abbey.

Meanwhile tensions arise between the fisherfolk and the abbey for the bursar wants to charge them for using the beach that technically belongs to the abbey to dry their fish and their nets. This leads to physical battles, when the guards used by the abbey, under the command it seems of the bursar whose determination to make money is not resisted by the abbot and the prior, try to storm the area where the fishermen live.

Hildegard finds out more about what had happened through two youngsters, one of whom Torold is the son of Aelwyn by a woman who worked as a prostitute for a cartel, and with whom Mark fell in love. The other works on the farm and had seen Edred meet someone near the pool, after which that someone left the place by himself. And the boy had also found in the pool a sort of dagger with the seal of the abbey.

He and his dog, and Torold who follows her, rescue Hildegarde from a man at arms who has waylaid her and tries to rape her earlier. Escaping into the abbey she was nearly been raped then by the bursar, but she managed to escape, in the process setting fire to him and the muniments room, which led, when he was rescued, to the discovery of a box with the money he said had been stolen, blame being cast on both Aelwyn and Edred.

Matters come to a head when the fisherfolk try to storm the abbey, being resisted by the men at arms stationed on the towers. But then Hildegarde realizes that behind the murders was the bursar’s clerk, whom she pursued to the cathedral. There is great drama then as she escapes from him when he tries to kill her, and then from the man at arms who had tried to both rape and kill her, but they both fall from the scaffolding she had climbed, the latter coming from a tower where he had been stationed.

Both of them think they run the rapacity of the abbey, the latter claiming to work for the nobles opposed to Richard, who is presented throughout the book as devoted to his subjects, not to power or money. But though the villains die, the bursar continues, having got over the hysteria the fire had caused and his acknowledgment then of guilt – and though the abbot and the prior seem less vicious, whether they will be able to assert themselves is questionable.

Before the climax, when the others in the guesthouse were leaving, Hildegarde found that two of them were in possession of the relic, for which they seem to have paid well. Hildegarde herself had made a derisory offer, but before she leaves the abbot gives her the relic, perhaps in gratitude for what she and her fellow Cistercians had discovered, the abbey having made as much money as it needed and more from the gullible other buyers.

Mark’s inamorata is saved from the stews because she moves in with Edred’s widow whom the bursar had thrown out of the rooms he occupied when her husband was found dead. Hildegarde had paid for lodgings, in a house run by the man who ran the brothels, but he had a kindly side and was going to finance them to make nets for the fishermen.

So, the Cistercians set off for their home as swiftly as they can to get there on the day of the Epiphany, having stopped en route to pray for King Richard whose birthday it was.

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