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In Thailand, Cambodia and Sri Lanka, Buddhists see strong links between their religion and country, as do Muslims in Malaysia and Indonesia
WASHINGTON, D.C.– In Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Thailand – countries where at least 70% of adults are Buddhist – upward of nine-in-ten Buddhists say being Buddhist is important to be truly part of their nation, according to a new Pew Research Center survey of six countries in South and Southeast Asia.
For instance, 95% of Sri Lankan Buddhists say being Buddhist is important to be truly Sri Lankan – including 87% who say Buddhism is very important to being a true Sri Lankan. Although most people in these countries identify as Buddhist religiously, there is widespread agreement that Buddhism is more than a religion.
“For most people in the South and Southeast Asian countries, we surveyed, religious identity is about more than beliefs and practices – it’s also about culture, family tradition and ethnicity,” said Senior Researcher Jonathan Evans. “We also found that many people strongly tie a particular religion to national identity. But even with this, people express a general sense of religious tolerance.”
Buddhism in Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Thailand
The importance of Buddhism in national identity is reflected in the prominence that all three countries’ laws give to Buddhism. According to the survey, most Buddhists in all three countries favour basing their national laws on Buddhist dharma – a wide-ranging concept that includes the knowledge, doctrines and practices stemming from Buddha’s teachings. This perspective is nearly unanimous among Cambodian Buddhists (96%), while smaller majorities of Buddhists in Sri Lanka (80%) and Thailand (56%) support basing national laws on Buddhist teachings and practices.
When asked about the role of religious leaders in public life, Cambodian Buddhists again stand out as the most likely to favour an intersection between religion and government. For instance, 81% of Cambodian Buddhists say religious leaders should vote in political elections, a position taken by smaller proportions of Buddhists in Sri Lanka (66%) and Thailand (54%). But even in Cambodia, no more than half of Buddhists say religious leaders should participate in political protests (50%), talk publicly about the politicians they support (47%) or be politicians themselves (45%).
Islam in Malaysia and Indonesia
In some ways, Buddhism’s links to national identity in these countries parallel the role of Islam in the neighbouring Muslim-majority countries of Indonesia and Malaysia. Nearly all Muslims in both countries say being Muslim is important to be truly Indonesian or Malaysian. Muslims in both countries commonly describe Islam as a culture, family tradition or ethnicity – not just “a religion one chooses to follow.” For instance, three-quarters of Malaysian Muslims say Islam is “an ethnicity one is born into.”
Most Muslims in both nations favour making sharia the official law of the land. Muslims in Malaysia, where Islam is the official religion, overwhelmingly support using sharia as the national law (86%). Support for sharia is somewhat lower among Muslims in Indonesia, where 64% of Indonesian Muslims nevertheless say sharia should be used as the law of the land.
Muslims in both Indonesia and Malaysia are more likely than Buddhists surveyed in neighboring countries to favour high-profile roles for religious leaders in politics. For example, most Muslims in Indonesia (58%) and Malaysia (69%) say religious leaders should talk publicly about the politicians and political parties they support.
Additional findings:
Religious tolerance:
In general, tolerance of other religions is widely espoused in all six countries.Adults in Malaysia and Sri Lanka (62% each) are even more likely than those in Singapore (56%) to say that religious, ethnic and cultural diversity benefits their country.
Across all major religious groups, most people say they would be willing to accept members of different religious communities as neighbours. For instance, 81% of Sri Lankan Buddhists say they would be willing to have Hindu neighbours; a similar share of Sri Lankan Hindus (85%) say the same about Buddhists.
Shared beliefs and practices:
There also are signs of shared religious beliefs and practices across religious lines.Sizable majorities in nearly every large religious community, in all six countries, say that karma exists, even though belief in karma is not traditionally associated with all the religious groups surveyed.
Many people pray or offer their respects to deities or founder figures that are not traditionally considered part of their religion’s pantheon. For example, 66% of Singaporean Hindus say they pray or offer respects to Jesus Christ and 62% of Sri Lankan Muslims do the same to the Hindu deity Ganesh.
Religious switching:
Despite expressions of tolerance and religious mixing, religious identity also can be a firm line between groups. Many people across the countries surveyed say it is unacceptable for people to give up their religion or convert to another faith.
In Indonesia, 92% of Muslims say it is unacceptable for a person to leave Islam, and 83% of Christians say it is unacceptable to leave Christianity for another religion. Overall, Muslims are more likely than other religious communities to say conversion away from their faith is unacceptable. But this is also the position taken by two-thirds or more of Buddhists in Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Thailand – the study’s three Buddhist-majority nations.
In five of the six countries surveyed, nearly all adults still identify with the religion in which they were raised. Only in Singapore do a sizable share of adults (35%) indicate their religion has changed during their lifetime.
These are among the key findings of a Pew Research Center survey conducted among 13,122 adults in six countries in Southeast and South Asia.Interviews were conducted face-to-face in Cambodia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand and on mobile phones in Malaysia and Singapore. Local interviewers administered the survey from June to September 2022, in eight languages. The country-level margins of sampling error range from 2.44 to 3.19 percentage points.
News
Prez seeks Harsha’s help to address CC’s concerns over appointment of AG
Chairman of the Committee on Public Finance (CoPF), MP Dr. Harsha de Silva, told Parliament yesterday that President Anura Kumara Dissanayake had personally telephoned him in response to a letter highlighting the prolonged delay in appointing an Auditor General, a vacancy that has remained unfilled since 07 December.
Addressing the House, Dr. de Silva said the President had contacted him following the letter he sent, in his capacity as CoPF Chairman, regarding the urgent need to appoint the constitutionally mandated head of the National Audit Office. During the conversation, the President had sought his intervention to inform the Constitutional Council (CC) about approving the names already forwarded by the President for consideration.
Dr. de Silva said the President had inquired whether he could convey the matter to the Constitutional Council after their discussion. He stressed that both the President and the CC must act in cooperation and in strict accordance with the Constitution, warning that institutional deadlock should not undermine constitutional governance.
He also raised concerns over the Speaker’s decision to prevent the letter he sent to the President from being shared with members of the Constitutional Council, stating that this had been done without any valid basis. Dr. de Silva subsequently tabled the letter in Parliament.
Last week, Dr. de Silva formally urged President Dissanayake to immediately fill the Auditor General’s post, warning that the continued vacancy was disrupting key constitutional functions. In his letter, dated 22 December, he pointed out that the absence of an Auditor General undermines Articles 148 and 154 of the Constitution, which vest Parliament with control over public finance.
He said that the vacancy has severely hampered the work of oversight bodies such as the Committee on Public Accounts (COPA) and the Committee on Public Enterprises (COPE), particularly at a time when the country is grappling with a major flood disaster.
As Chair of the Committee responsible for overseeing the National Audit Office, Dr. de Silva stressed that a swift appointment was essential to safeguard transparency, accountability and financial oversight.
In a separate public statement, he warned that Sri Lanka was operating without its constitutionally mandated Chief Auditor at a critical juncture. In a six-point appeal to the President, Dr. de Silva emphasised that an Auditor General must be appointed urgently in the context of ongoing disaster response and reconstruction efforts.
“Given the large number of transactions taking place now with Cyclone Ditwah reconstruction and the yet-to-be-legally-established Rebuilding Sri Lanka Fund, an Auditor General must be appointed urgently,” he said in a post on X.
By Saman Indrajith
News
Govt. exploring possibility of converting EPF benefits into private sector pensions
The NPP government was exploring the feasibility of introducing a regular pension, or annuity scheme, for Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF) contributors, Deputy Minister of Labour Mahinda Jayasinghe told Parliament yesterday.
Responding to a question raised by NPP Kalutara District MP Oshani Umanga in the House, Jayasinghe said the government was examining whether EPF benefits, which are currently paid as a lump sum at retirement, could instead be converted into a system that provides regular payments throughout a retiree’s lifetime.
“We are looking at whether it is possible to provide a pension,” Jayasinghe said, stressing that there was no immediate plan to abolish the existing lump-sum payment. “But we are paying greater attention to whether a regular payment can be provided throughout their retired life.”
Jayasinghe noted that the EPF was established as a social security mechanism for private sector employees after retirement and warned that receiving the entire fund in a single installment could place retirees at financial risk, particularly as life expectancy increases.
He also cautioned that interim withdrawals from the EPF undermined its long-term sustainability. “Even the interim payments that are given from time to time undermine the ability to give security at the time of retirement,” he said, distinguishing the EPF from the Employees’ Trust Fund, which provides more frequent interim benefits.
Addressing concerns over early withdrawals, the Deputy Minister explained that contributors have been allowed to withdraw up to 30 percent of their EPF balance since 2015, with a further 20 percent permitted after 10 years, subject to specific conditions and documentary proof.
Of 744 applications received for such withdrawals, 702 had been approved, he said.
The proposed shift towards an annuity-based system comes amid broader concerns over Sri Lanka’s ageing population and pressures on retirement financing. While state sector employees receive pensions funded by taxpayers, including EPF contributors, the EPF itself has been facing growing strain as it is also used to finance budget deficits.
Jayasinghe said the government’s focus was to formulate a mechanism that would ensure long-term income security for private sector employees, placing them on a footing closer to a pension scheme rather than a one-time retirement payout.
News
Sajith accuses govt. of exacerbating people’s suffering to please IMF
Opposition Leader Sajith Premadasa yesterday strongly criticised proposals to increase electricity tariffs, warning that the move would deepen the hardships faced by the public already reeling from disasters and rising fuel costs.
Premadasa, who is also the leader of the SJB, told Parliament that the government was considering an electricity price hike at a time when people were struggling to recover from recent crises, while coping with higher fuel prices. He accused the administration of acting contrary to its own election pledges and the expectations of suffering people.
Making a special statement, the Opposition Leader recalled that the government had come to power promising to reduce electricity bills by 30 percent, within three years, by shifting from fuel-based power generation to cheaper renewable sources, such as solar, wind and hydropower. Instead, he said, those commitments had been abandoned.
Premadasa pointed out that the CEB has sought approval from the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL) for an 11.57 per cent tariff increase for the first quarter of 2026 to cover its losses. He questioned whether the government had assessed the impact of such an increase on low- and middle-income households, as well as state institutions.
He also asked why the government had failed to honour its promise to cut electricity tariffs by one-third through a transparent pricing mechanism.
The Opposition Leader further criticised the limited time allocated for public consultations on the proposed new energy policy, saying it was unfair and should be extended, particularly given the prevailing national crises.
Premadasa warned that the removal of competitive tariff structures for industries would be unjust to large-scale consumers using more than five million units of electricity, and called for comparative reports before any subsidies are withdrawn.
He added that despite earlier assurances to reduce electricity bills by 33 percent, the government has once again increased fuel prices, even as global fuel prices decline, continuing, what he described as, a pattern of broken election promises.
Accusing the government of being constrained by International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditions, Premadasa said the simultaneous increases in fuel and electricity prices were exacerbating the economic burden on the public.
By Saman Indrajith
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