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Forbes: Lanka, Pakistan and Maldives among biggest debt burdens to China
Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Maldives in South Asia stand neck-deep in the Chinese debt. Pakistan has $77.3 billion of external debt to China while Maldives amounted to 31 per cent of Maldives’ Gross National Income (GNI). Maldives’ total debt amounts to MVR 86 billion by the end of 2020, MVR 44 billion of which is external debt, said a report by the Forbes.
Forbes, collecting data from The World Bank report as of 2020, says that 97 countries across the globe are under Chinese debt. Countries heavily in debt to China are mostly located in Africa, but can also be found in Central Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
China is reaching most of the countries under the One Belt and Road scheme. The world’s low-income countries owe 37% of their debt to China in 2022, compared to just 24% in bilateral debt to the rest of the world.The Chinese global project to finance the construction of the port, rail and land infrastructure across the globe, has been a major source of debt to China for participating countries.
Those with the highest external debt to China are Pakistan $77.3 billion, Angola at 36.3 billion, Ethiopia $7.9 billion, Kenya $7.4 billion and Sri Lanka $6.8 billion.
Maldives newspaper reported that according to statistics released by the Finance Ministry, Maldives’ debt rose to MVR 99 billion by end of Q1 2022. It made up 113 per cent of GDP. The projects in the Maldives funded with loans from China include the construction of the Sinamale Bridge and the airport development project.
Bangladesh too is a part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Dhaka owes 6 per cent of its total foreign debt to Beijing, which is around $4 billion. According to a report from FT, Bangladesh is seeking a first instalment from the IMF of $1.5 billion, as part of a total package worth $4.5billion.” This amount would include a financial line to help it fund climate change resilience projects and buttress its budget,” reads the report. According to the IMF, Bangladesh had a total foreign debt of $62 billion in 2021. The majority of the debt is owed to multilateral lenders such as the World Bank.
The countries with the biggest debt burdens in relative terms were Djibouti and Angola, where debt to China exceeded 40% of gross national income, an indicator similar to GDP but also including income from overseas sources.The equivalent of 30% of GNI or more in Chinese debt affects the Maldives and Laos, with the latter just having opened a railway line to China which is already causing debt issues for the country.
Sri Lanka May 2022 was the first country in two decades to default on its sovereign debt. Chinese debt to Sri Lanka was the fifth-highest overall in late 2020 and amounted to 9% of the country’s GNI. According to the Financial Times, which called the development in Sri Lanka and elsewhere China’s first overseas debt crisis, the country had to renegotiate loans worth $52 billion in 2020 and 2021—more than three times the amount that met this fate in the two previous years.
China has provided record amounts of financing to developing countries over the past two decades, supporting both public and private sector projects. The Belt and Road Initiative is President Xi Jinping’s flagship foreign policy initiative; launched in 2013 to invest in almost 70 countries and international organizations, it has propelled China to global dominance in international development finance.
China’s Belt and Road Initiative has caused dozens of lower- and middle-income countries to accumulate $385 billion in “hidden debts” to Beijing, a new study has claimed.AidData, an international development research lab based at Virginia’s College of William & Mary, says 13,427 Chinese development projects worth a combined $843 billion across 165 countries, over 18 years to the end of 2017.
China has faced criticism for its lending practices to poorer countries, accused of leaving them struggling to repay debts and therefore vulnerable to pressure from Beijing. China rejects this criticism and calls it as “propaganda/narrative of the vested interested countries” to tarnish its image.
News
Steps are taken to accelerate the recovery efforts following Cyclone Ditwah despite Global Economic Challenges
A discussion on accelerating recovery measures and providing relief to those affected by the Cyclone Ditwah was held on March 28 at Temple Trees, with the participation of Prime Minister Dr. Harini Amarasuriya and civil society organizations.
During the meeting, a brief report on the current status of government measures including compensation payments through District Secretariats and information related to safety camps was presented to the Prime Minister by the Chief of Staff to the President and Commissioner General of Essential Services, Prabath Chandrakeerthi.
Special attention was given to the concerns of the estate sector Estate sector Malaiyaha Tamil community affected by the cyclone, particularly those without legal land ownership, in accessing government relief and compensation. Attention was also drawn to the need for a policy decision in coordination with the Ministry of Plantation and Community Infrastructure regarding this matter.
It was further stated by the Secretary to the Ministry of Housing, Construction and Water Supply, Engineer L. Kumudu Lal Bogahawatta , that plans have been made to accelerate the recovery process related to damages caused by the disaster in 2025. These include the construction of 20,000 new houses, the renovation of 115,000 partially damaged houses, and the provision of financial assistance amounting to Rs. 5 million for individuals who already possess safe land to build a house. Additionally, there are plans to construct apartment complexes with public facilities in major urban areas.
Officials further emphasized that the physical, psychological, and social well-being of affected communities especially women, children, and persons with special needs will continue to assess through civil society organizations, special committees, and sub-committees.
The Prime Minister emphasized that the efforts to rebuild damaged housing have focused on constructing homes in locations that are more suitable and equipped with urban public facilities over the past four months, stressing the importance of maintaining continuous communication with communities and ensuring that reconstruction takes place in safer locations that are less vulnerable to future disasters.
The discussion was attended by Secretary to the Prime Minister Pradeep Saputhanthri, Chief of Staff to the President and Commissioner General of Essential Services Prabath Chandrakeerthi, Secretary to the Ministry of Housing, Construction and Water Supply Engineer L. Kumudu Lal Bogahawatta, Additional Secretary to the Ministry of Defence K.C. Dharmathilaka, and representatives from civil society organizations.
[Prime Minister’s Media Division]
News
Burning of low-grade coal at N’cholai plant increases pollution: Parliament
Parliament yesterday (30) said the use of inferior quality coal at Norochcholai Lak Vijaya coal-fired power plant caused environmental pollution.
The Opposition has accused the Energy Ministry of importing low quality coal and the CEB has directly blamed the developing crisis in coal imported from South Africa.
The Parliament is scheduled to debate a no-confidence motion moved by SJB-led Opposition against Energy Minister Kumara Jayakody on 10 April.
The Sectoral Oversight Committee on Environment, Agriculture and Resource Sustainability has instructed officials to immediately prepare a plan for the environmentally friendly disposal of ash emitted from the Norochcholai Lak Vijaya Power Plant.
These instructions were given at a recent meeting of the Committee held in Parliament, under the Chairmanship of Member of Parliament Hector Appuhamy.
It was revealed during the meeting that due to issues related to the quality of coal imported to Sri Lanka for power generation, the volume of ash emitted during electricity generation had increased significantly. Officials were directed to formulate a plan under the leadership of the District Secretary of the Puttalam District, to take the necessary measures.
It was also proposed that the possibility of reusing the coal ash for production purposes be studied, and that any revenue generated from such products be utilised for welfare projects benefiting the communities affected by the power plant.
In addition, the Committee instructed the Central Environmental Authority to submit a comprehensive report on whether water and air pollution have occurred as a result of the Norochcholai Power Plant. Furthermore, the North Western Provincial Environmental Authority was also instructed to provide responses within two weeks regarding the questionnaire and related matters submitted by the Committee in connection with the Norochcholai Power Plant.
Officials of the North Western Provincial Environmental Authority stated that although the volume of ash emitted from the plant had increased, the filtration system in use at the plant was sufficient to absorb it. Several matters, including the issuance of environmental protection licenses for the power plant, were discussed at the committee meeting.
News
Tariff shock from 01 April as power costs climb across the board
By Ifham Nizam
Electricity consumers will face a fresh financial jolt from 01 April, with the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL) approving a countrywide tariff increase that will push up monthly bills across all consumption categories, with the heaviest burden falling on high-end users.
The decision follows a proposal by the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB), which sought a 13.56 percent upward revision for the second quarter of the year, citing mounting operational costs and financial pressures within the power sector.
Under the new tariff structure, even the lowest-income households will not be spared, though the increases at the bottom tiers remain relatively modest. Consumers using between 0–30 units will see a 4.3 percent rise, adding approximately Rs. 15 to their monthly bill. Those in the 31–60 unit bracket will experience a 6.9 percent increase, translating to an additional Rs. 45.
For middle-tier users, the impact becomes more pronounced. Households consuming 61–90 units will pay around Rs. 120 more per month, following a 6.9 percent hike, while those in the 91–120 unit range will face a sharper increase of 7.1 percent, pushing their monthly costs up by about Rs. 420.
However, the steepest escalation is reserved for heavy electricity users. Consumers exceeding 180 units will be hit with a staggering 25 percent increase — the highest adjustment under the latest revision — raising serious concerns over affordability, particularly for urban households and small businesses already grappling with rising living costs.
Energy sector analysts warn that the latest revision signals deeper structural issues within the power sector, including reliance on costly thermal generation, currency pressures, and inefficiencies in energy procurement.
“The burden is gradually shifting toward consumers as the sector struggles to maintain financial stability,” a senior power sector analyst said, noting that repeated tariff adjustments could further strain public tolerance.
The PUCSL maintained that the revision was necessary to ensure the sustainability of electricity supply and to prevent a recurrence of crises that previously led to widespread outages and load shedding. The regulator has also indicated that cost-reflective pricing remains a key policy direction, particularly as global energy markets remain volatile.
The move comes at a time when many households are still adjusting to broader economic pressures, including high food prices and transport costs, raising fears that the tariff hike could have a cascading effect on the cost of living.
Small and medium enterprises, already operating on thin margins, are also expected to feel the pinch, with higher electricity costs likely to feed into production expenses and retail prices.
Despite the increases, questions remain over whether the tariff revision alone will be sufficient to stabilise the financially strained power sector, or if further adjustments — or reforms — may be inevitable in the months ahead.
With electricity demand steadily rising and generation costs remaining unpredictable, consumers now brace for yet another phase of higher utility bills, underscoring the fragile balance between energy security and economic resilience.
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