Opinion
Key to resilient plantation agriculture in Sri Lanka
Sustainable soil health:
by Lalin I De Silva
With the escalating impacts of climate change, Sri Lanka’s plantation sector—spanning tea, rubber, coconut, spices, and oil palm—faces critical challenges in maintaining soil health. As fluctuating weather patterns affect nutrient availability and increase erosion, achieving sustainable crop productivity requires rethinking soil management. This article explores why a shift to adaptive soil practices is essential, discussing the role of nutrient management, organic matter enhancement, and precision techniques that can support a climate-resilient future for Sri Lankan planters.
Understanding Soil Health and Climate Adaptation
In Sri Lanka, where agriculture is deeply interwoven with economic stability and cultural heritage, soil is a foundational asset. Healthy soil not only sustains high yields but also contributes to carbon sequestration and water retention. However, climate change introduces frequent rainfall variability, which accelerates nutrient leaching, affects soil structure, and increases erosion risk—especially in sloped plantation areas common in tea production. Understanding the specific nutrient needs of each crop and adapting soil practices accordingly can help mitigate these adverse impacts.
Key Soil Nutrients and Their Importance
The macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) play vital roles in crop health, but their optimal levels vary between plantation crops:
Nitrogen (N): Essential for foliage growth, nitrogen requirements are particularly high for tea, which thrives with approximately 20-25 mg/kg. For other crops like coconut and oil palm, nitrogen supports broader canopy development, which is important for resilience against drought.
Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus supports root development, critical in early plant growth and essential for strong, resilient crops. A good level for most plantation soils falls between 10-30 mg/kg, depending on soil type and crop. Coconut, which requires strong roots for water absorption, greatly benefits from adequate phosphorus levels.
Potassium (K): Often called the “quality nutrient,” potassium improves crop resilience and quality. For example, tea thrives with potassium levels of 120-150 mg/kg, while rubber and coconut need slightly higher levels to promote nutrient distribution across the plant structure, supporting resilience during dry spells.
Tailoring Soil Practices for Plantation Resilience
Plantations must adopt region-specific soil management practices to meet crop needs while minimizing environmental impact. Here are some effective techniques for sustainable soil management:
Cover Crops and Erosion Control: By planting cover crops like legumes, farmers can reduce erosion while adding nitrogen to the soil naturally. Cover crops shield soil from heavy rain, reducing topsoil loss and adding organic matter as they decompose, which improves nutrient availability and soil structure over time.
Organic Matter Management: Increasing organic matter in the soil improves moisture retention and overall fertility. Applying compost, mulches, or green manure boosts organic carbon levels, which is particularly beneficial in tropical climates with high decomposition rates. Mulching, for instance, helps regulate soil temperature, retain moisture, and add essential nutrients as it decomposes.
Biochar Application: Biochar, a type of charcoal added to the soil, improves water retention, nutrient availability, and microbial health. In tea estates or high-rainfall areas, biochar acts as a stabilizer, helping the soil retain nutrients that might otherwise be washed away. Its porous structure holds onto moisture, benefiting root health during dry periods.
Precision Fertilisation
Implementing a targeted fertilisation approach ensures the soil receives just the nutrients it needs. Slow-release fertilisers and digital soil sensors reduce nutrient leaching, prevent over-application, and support a balanced nutrient profile. For example, the use of a portable spectrophotometer can measure soil nutrient levels, guiding adjustments that enhance productivity and reduce waste.
Carbon Sequestration Techniques: Practices like agroforestry and low-tillage farming promote carbon storage in the soil, contributing to climate resilience and soil fertility. By integrating trees with crops, agroforestry not only sequesters carbon but also protects against soil erosion and provides shade, which reduces crop stress during high temperatures.
Implementing Soil Testing and Monitoring
For Sri Lankan planters, regular soil testing and monitoring are essential to maintain optimal soil health. Digital tools such as portable pH meters, EC (Electrical Conductivity) meters, and NPK soil test kits provide valuable data on soil composition and health. By regularly testing for pH, organic carbon, and nutrient levels, planters can make informed decisions on crop nutrition and soil amendments. Mapping plantation areas using handheld GPS devices also aids in precision agriculture, allowing farmers to apply fertilizers and water only where necessary, minimizing environmental impact.
Promoting Soil Biodiversity and Microbial Health
Healthy soils host a diverse range of micro organisms, essential for nutrient cycling and disease suppression. Adopting organic inputs and minimising chemical usage help sustain beneficial bacteria, fungi, and earthworms, all of which improve soil structure and fertility. Mycorrhizal fungi, for instance, form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, enhancing phosphorus uptake and strengthening plants against drought stress. Encouraging these organisms through organic farming practices is a vital component of sustainable soil health.
Way Forward: Embracing a Soil-Centric Approach in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan planters face unique challenges from climate change, but by adopting a soil-centric approach, they can maintain crop yields and enhance environmental resilience. Partnerships with agronomists and value chain consultants can assist in identifying effective practices suited to local soil types and climate conditions. Additionally, government support for sustainable farming incentives and education initiatives would empower farmers to adopt these practices.
Implementing soil-friendly practices at scale requires both knowledge-sharing and community cooperation. Initiatives like training programes in precision agriculture, digital tools for soil monitoring, and organic fertiliser subsidies could be valuable. By aligning these practices with Sri Lanka’s climate resilience goals, the plantation sector can enhance productivity sustainably.
Maintaining healthy soils is not only a matter of crop productivity; it is a defence strategy against the unpredictable impacts of climate change. Through sustainable soil management practices—such as increasing organic matter, precise nutrient application, and encouraging soil biodiversity—Sri Lanka’s planters can create resilient agricultural systems that support long-term economic stability. Embracing these practices will enable the plantation sector to flourish sustainably, preserving the environment while continuing to contribute to the nation’s economy. With a soil-centric approach, the future of Sri Lankan agriculture holds promise for both productivity and resilience in the face of climate change.
Lalin I De Silva is a value chain journalist of www.vivonta.lk, Senior Planter, Agricultural Advisor / Consultant, Secretary General of Ceylon Planters Society, Editor of Ceylon Planters Society Bulletin and freelance journalist.
Opinion
Mr. Lakshman Balasuriya – not just my boss, but a father and a brother
It is with profound sadness that we received the shocking news of the untimely passing of our dear leader, Mr. Lakshman Balasuriya.
I first met Mr. Balasuriya in 1988 while working at John Keells, which had been awarded an IT contract to computerize Senkadagala Finance. Thereafter, in 1992, I joined the E. W. Balasuriya Group of Companies and Senkadagala Finance when the organization decided to bring its computerization in-house.
Mr. Balasuriya obtained his BSc from the University of London and his MSc from the University of Lancaster. He was not only intellectually brilliant, but also a highly practical and pragmatic individual, often sitting beside me to share instructions and ideas, which I would then translate directly into the software through code.
My first major assignment was to computerize the printing press. At the time, the systems in place were outdated, and modernization was a challenging task. However, with the guidance, strong support, and decisive leadership of Mr. Lakshman Balasuriya, we were able to successfully transform the printing press into a modern, state-of-the-art operation.
Mr. Balasuriya was a farsighted visionary who understood the value and impact of information technology well ahead of his time. He possessed a deep knowledge of the subject, which was rare during those early years. For instance, in the 1990s, he engaged a Canadian consultant to conduct a cybersecurity audit—an extraordinary initiative at a time when cybersecurity was scarcely spoken of and far from mainstream.
During that period, Senkadagala Finance’s head office was based in Kandy, with no branch network. When the decision was made to open the first branch in Colombo, our IT team faced the challenge of adapting the software to support branch operations. It was Mr. Balasuriya who proposed the innovative idea of creating logical branches—a concept well ahead of its time in IT thinking. This simple yet powerful idea enabled the company to expand rapidly, allowing branches to be added seamlessly to the system. Today, after many upgrades and continuous modernization, Senkadagala Finance operates over 400 locations across the country with real-time online connectivity—a testament to his original vision.
In September 2013, we faced a critical challenge with a key system that required the development of an entirely new solution. A proof of concept was prepared and reviewed by Mr. Balasuriya, who gave the green light to proceed. During the development phase, he remained deeply involved, offering ideas, insights, and constructive feedback. Within just four months, the system was successfully developed and went live—another example of his hands-on leadership and unwavering support for innovation.
These are only a few examples among many of the IT initiatives that were encouraged, supported, and championed by Mr. Balasuriya. Information technology has played a pivotal role in the growth and success of the E. W. Balasuriya Group of Companies, including Senkadagala Finance PLC, and much of that credit belongs to his foresight, trust, and leadership.
On a deeply personal note, I was not only a witness to, but also a recipient of, the kindness, humility, and humanity of Mr. Lakshman Balasuriya. There were occasions when I lost my temper and made unreasonable demands, yet he always responded with firmness tempered by gentleness. He never lost his own composure, nor did he ever hold grudges. He had the rare ability to recognize people’s shortcomings and genuinely tried to guide them toward self-improvement.
He was not merely our boss. To many of us, he was like a father and a brother.
I will miss him immensely. His passing has left a void that can never be filled. Of all the people I have known in my life, Mr. Lakshman Balasuriya stands apart as one of the finest human beings.
He leaves his beloved wife, Madam Janine, his children Amanthi and Keshav, and his four grandchildren.
May he rest in eternal peace.
Timothy De Silva
(The writer is the Information Systems Officer at Senkadagala Finance.)
Opinion
Tribute to Ernest Thalayasingham MacIntyre
It is deeply painful to come to terms with the passing of Ernest Thalayasingham Macintyre. The news has left a silence that feels both personal and profound.
For me, this is not only the loss of an extraordinary playwright and thinker, but the loss of someone who shaped my intellectual journey at its very beginning. Ernest Macintyre wrote the Preface to my first book, Island to Island, which emerged from my doctoral research on his works, titled “Diasporic Longing and Changing Contours of Resistance in the plays of Ernest Thalayasingham Macintyre.” That gesture was not merely academic generosity. It was an act of faith, encouragement, and quiet mentorship that I will always hold close.
I knew him first through his work. Through his plays, his satire, his deep political consciousness, and his unwavering commitment to theatre as a living, breathing social force. He was a pioneer of Sri Lankan English theatre and an equally vital presence in Australian theatre, articulating the grief, longing, resistance, and resilience of diasporic life with rare clarity and compassion.
In recent days, I have found myself returning again and again to the Preface he wrote for my thesis. Reading it now, I am reminded of his intellectual sharpness, his generosity of spirit, and his belief that literature and theatre must bear witness to histories of displacement and struggle. His words continue to guide me, even in his absence.
Beyond the scholar and dramatist, Ernest Macintyre was, to me, a father figure. Someone I looked up to with deep respect, awe, and admiration. His presence offered reassurance. His encouragement gave courage. His legacy will remain a guiding light.
My heartfelt condolences to his family, to his loved ones, and to all those whose lives he touched through his work and his kindness. May they find strength in the immense legacy he leaves behind.
Ernest Macintyre’s voice will not fade. It will continue to live on in theatre, in literature, and in the countless minds he shaped across homelands and islands.
With remembrance, gratitude, and sorrow.
Dr Thamizhachi Thangapandian
Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha)- South Chennai
Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Opinion
Appreciation: D. L. O. Mendis Visionary Engineer, Philosopher, and Mentor
Today, we honour the life and legacy of D.L.O. Mendis, a visionary engineer and philosopher whose contributions defined the standards of our profession. D.L.O. possessed a rare combination of analytical rigor and creative foresight. His numerous technical papers presented here and abroad related to water resources development stand as enduring monuments to his brilliance.
Beyond creating blueprints and technical specifications, D.L.O. presented bold ideas that challenged and strengthened our professional communities. He was a dedicated mentor to junior engineers, and a leader who firmly believed that engineering was, above all, a service to humanity. While we mourn this great loss, we take solace in knowing that his radical influence shaped our careers and the ethical code that governs our profession.
A Career of Integrity and Excellence
Throughout his career spanning more than 70 years, D.L.O. embodied the highest standards of integrity and technical excellence. He was particularly instrumental in advancing our
understanding of ancient irrigation systems, bridging the gap between historical wisdom and modern development.
Academic and Professional Journey
D.L.O.’s educational journey began at Ladies’ College(which accepted boys in lower grades at the time) before he moved to Royal College. He later entered the University of Ceylon as a member of the pioneering first batch of engineering students in 1950, graduating in 1954 in a class of nearly 25 students.
His professional path was distinguished and diverse:
Irrigation Department:
Served for nearly 10 years.
River Valleys Development Board (RVDB):
Contributed during the construction of the Uda Walawe reservoir.
Ministry of Plan Implementation:
Served as Deputy Director under Director M. S. M. De Silva, where his main contribution was the promotion of appropriate technology, particularly the advancement of historical Kotmale ironwork which has existed since the era of Parakrama Bahu the Great, and the South Eastern Dry Zone Project. (SEDZ).
Consultancy:
Served as a freelance consultant.
Leadership:
A prolific contributor of a large number of technical papers to the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka (IESL), eventually serving as its President.
Personal Reflections and Anecdotes
My association with D.L.O. spanned more than 50 years. I first saw him riding a bicycle past Akbar Hall while I was an engineering student. I later learned his family was residing at Prof. Paul’s residence nearby while he was serving at Uda Walawe Reservoir Project as a senior engineer for the RVDB.
Through D.L.O., I had the privilege of meeting legendary professionals outside the Irrigation Department, includingthe exceptionally bright M.S.M. de Silva and the international economist, Dr. Lal Jayawardena (Mr. N.U.Jayawardena’s son).
A Tribute to a Legacy
We extend our deepest gratitude for Mr. D.L.O. Mendis’slifelong service and offer our sincerest condolences to his family and colleagues. His monumental work and numerous publications remain a lasting gift to future generations of engineers.
May he attain the supreme bliss of Nibbana!
G.T. Dharmasena,
Former Director General of Irrigation
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