Features
Escalating fertiliser prices and need for judicious use
By Dr Parakrama Waidyanatha
High Energy costs and the prevailing Ukrainian War have led to a huge increase in fertilizer prices, and farmers, especially in the developing countries, find it extremely difficult to provide the required fertiliser to crops. Natural gas prices account for 80% of the variable costs of the production of urea, the most widely used chemical fertiliser. Increased energy prices have been the main cause for increased prices of all key fertilisers as shown in the Table 1.
The Haber Bosch process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen is the main method of production of ammonia and consequently urea. The process has been optimised over the last century bringing down the energy consumption by 75%. A new type of ruthenium catalyst is reported to reduce the power consumption of ammonia production. Further an electrochemical Haber-Bosch process, yet under research (Fig.1) is reported to produce ammonia with far less energy and carbon dioxide consumption. The Siemen’s Green Ammonia Plant (Fig. 2), also still at a testing stage, uses wind power to convert hydrogen and nitrogen to ammonia. Apart from its huge energy consumption of 1-2% of the global energy, the carbon dioxide released in the Haber Bosch process amounting to 420 million tons annually or 1.4 % of the global carbon dioxide production is a key contributor to global warming. . Hopefully the new technologies should bring down the cost of production in the foreseeable future and also help mitigate global warming.
Russia and Ukraine are two of the key global fertiliser suppliers, and Russia was the world’s largest exporter of urea fertilizer and the second largest exporter of potash (K) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer before the Ukrainian war . Fertiliser prices shot up 60% with the war, and China tightened its control on fertiliser exports, primarily nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizers, effectively shutting off supplies to the global market, and contributing to the surge in prices.

Need for Judicious Fertilizer Use
More than 50% of the N fertilisers is wasted globally . Research reveals that 60-70% of the soil applied fertilisers are lost due to erosion, run off and vaporisation. In our country the losses are probably highest from tea plantations because of the sloping lands. Ironically because chemical fertilisers were relatively cheap and comprised a small fraction of the total cost of production, there was little concern about wastage. For example, a decade ago subsidised paddy fertiliser was only about 2.5% of the cost of production and the cost of application was3%! Given the current exorbitant cost of fertilisers it is critically important to minimise the waste. In other words fertiliser should be applied judiciously. At the Major Economic Forum on Energy and Climate Change(MEF),the US President has announced a ‘Global Fertiliser Challenge’ to raise USD 100 million towards increasing fertiliser use efficiency.
‘Little and often’ is an oft-uttered phrase in judicious fertiliser use. All it means is increase the frequency of application and correspondingly decrease the quantity per application. This should be one fundamental approach now taking into account the relative cost of application and that of the fertiliser. Appropriate placement of fertiliser and forking it into the soil should conserve it substantially. The International Fertiliser Development Corporation (IFDC) pioneered the development of the urea deep placement technology in several countries in Asia and Africa. It involved the application of 1-3 grams of urea briquettes seven centimetres deep below the soil surface, decreasing the urea use by 30% while increasing yields by 15% in rice. Notably, emissions of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas 40 times more potent than carbon dioxide, were decreased 60—80% through this technology. In Bangladesh, reports reveal that this technology helped more than 2.5 million farmers, and their earnings increased by $220 per hectare per season, and saving the government $30 million per year on fertilizer subsidy.
Foliar Nutrient application
Records reveal that the practice of foliar application of chemical fertiliser dates back to 1844. It has been a common practice to cure specific nutrient deficiencies but to my knowledge it is not a regular practice for providing the total crop nutrient requirements, the usual one being soil application. Apart from being a crop scientist, the writer is also a tea smallholder with about a hectare of mature tea in plucking. With the banning of chemical fertiliser imports in 2021 and the rapid increase in fertilizer costs, I was at a loss as to how I could fertilise my tea. Being left with only a few bags of chemical fertiliser in my store from the pervious year, I decided to use it judiciously via foliar application. As already mentioned 60-70% of the fertiliser is reported to be lost via soil application. I sprayed over the last year in 10 rounds a 5% fertiliser solution comprising urea, muriate of potash and 1%zincsulphate. As the rockphosphate component in the mixture was insoluble, the solution was filtered and the insoluble rock phosphate was removed. So the mixture did not exceed 5% concentration, the usual maximum nutrient concentration recommended for foliar application. Having applied rock phosphate over the last several years, I was aware that the soil phosphorus levels should be adequate at least for an year. Further, response to phosphate fertiliser application is rarely observed in mature tea but should phosphorus be needed it could be incorporated in the foliar spray. Research reveals that triple superphosphate though soluble is not suitable for foliar application. Further, as shown in Table 2, the leaf penetration of phosphorus is very slow and hence the risk of wash off by rain is high, whereas nitrogen and potassium are quite rapid. Ideally an annual soil application of rock phosphate or a foliar application of a nutrient such as potassium phosphate in good weather appears to be the answer. In fact, potassium phosphate should be able to replace the muriate of potash in the rock phosphate in the conventional tea fertiliser mixtures in foliar fertilizer formulations. Alternatively, a soluble fertiliser such as diammonium phosphate could provide the phosphorus as well as nitrogen.

The foliar application has now proceeded for over an year in my farm and to my satisfaction, I have got a fresh leaf yield of 10,212kg (approximately 20424 kg made tea) comparable to what was obtained in the previous years.
The cost saving with foliar application is substantial being as high as 50% as seen from Table 3, some figures of which are hypothetical. The retail chemical fertiliser price has been considered as Rs 80 a kilo, the price of zinc sulphate as Rs 750 a kilo and the daily labour wage of Rs 1,000 as paid in the plantations.. Of course this is a mere observation and sustainability of the method needs investigation. Will the root systems complain when leaves take over its job? Ideally, the agricultural research institutes should research on the matter for accurate results and sustainability.
Nanofertilisers
Nanofertilisers comprise fertilizers with particle sizes smaller than 100 nanometers, facilitating entry into plants far more effectively than conventional fertilisers.There are reported to increase nutrient use efficiency, reduce wastage and increase crop productivity. They are synthesised from traditional fertiliser compounds by encapsulating fertiliser particles with nanomaterial and are reported to reduce the use of conventional fertiliser by more than 50%. They are also reported to be taken up more effectively during foliar application. As far as the writer is aware the production of nanofertilisers are yet essentially at a research stage but its potential appears enormous.
However, an Indian farmer organization called IFFCO is reported to market a nanourea fertiliser containing 4% urea at a price of Indian Rs. 240 per 500ml bottle supposedly with the same efficacy as a 50-kilo bag of conventional urea but 10% cheaper! Apparently, this was the product that was imported by the government last year following the banning of chemical fertiliser imports and distributed among farmers. However, the farmers complained that the product did not work!
Features
Acid test emerges for US-EU ties
European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen addressing the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland on Tuesday put forward the EU’s viewpoint on current questions in international politics with a clarity, coherence and eloquence that was noteworthy. Essentially, she aimed to leave no one in doubt that a ‘new form of European independence’ had emerged and that European solidarity was at a peak.
These comments emerge against the backdrop of speculation in some international quarters that the Post-World War Two global political and economic order is unraveling. For example, if there was a general tacit presumption that US- Western European ties in particular were more or less rock-solid, that proposition apparently could no longer be taken for granted.
For instance, while US President Donald Trump is on record that he would bring Greenland under US administrative control even by using force against any opposition, if necessary, the EU Commission President was forthright that the EU stood for Greenland’s continued sovereignty and independence.
In fact at the time of writing, small military contingents from France, Germany, Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands are reportedly already in Greenland’s capital of Nook for what are described as limited reconnaissance operations. Such moves acquire added importance in view of a further comment by von der Leyen to the effect that the EU would be acting ‘in full solidarity with Greenland and Denmark’; the latter being the current governing entity of Greenland.
It is also of note that the EU Commission President went on to say that the ‘EU has an unwavering commitment to UK’s independence.’ The immediate backdrop to this observation was a UK decision to hand over administrative control over the strategically important Indian Ocean island of Diego Garcia to Mauritius in the face of opposition by the Trump administration. That is, European unity in the face of present controversial moves by the US with regard to Greenland and other matters of contention is an unshakable ‘given’.
It is probably the fact that some prominent EU members, who also hold membership of NATO, are firmly behind the EU in its current stand-offs with the US that is prompting the view that the Post-World War Two order is beginning to unravel. This is, however, a matter for the future. It will be in the interests of the contending quarters concerned and probably the world to ensure that the present tensions do not degenerate into an armed confrontation which would have implications for world peace.
However, it is quite some time since the Post-World War Two order began to face challenges. Observers need to take their minds back to the Balkan crisis and the subsequent US invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq in the immediate Post-Cold War years, for example, to trace the basic historic contours of how the challenges emerged. In the above developments the seeds of global ‘disorder’ were sown.
Such ‘disorder’ was further aggravated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine four years ago. Now it may seem that the world is reaping the proverbial whirlwind. It is relevant to also note that the EU Commission President was on record as pledging to extend material and financial support to Ukraine in its travails.
Currently, the international law and order situation is such that sections of the world cannot be faulted for seeing the Post World War Two international order as relentlessly unraveling, as it were. It will be in the interests of all concerned for negotiated solutions to be found to these global tangles. In fact von der Leyen has committed the EU to finding diplomatic solutions to the issues at hand, including the US-inspired tariff-related squabbles.
Given the apparent helplessness of the UN system, a pre-World War Two situation seems to be unfolding, with those states wielding the most armed might trying to mould international power relations in their favour. In the lead-up to the Second World War, the Hitlerian regime in Germany invaded unopposed one Eastern European country after another as the League of Nations stood idly by. World War Two was the result of the Allied Powers finally jerking themselves out of their complacency and taking on Germany and its allies in a full-blown world war.
However, unlike in the late thirties of the last century, the seeming number one aggressor, which is the US this time around, is not going unchallenged. The EU which has within its fold the foremost of Western democracies has done well to indicate to the US that its power games in Europe are not going unmonitored and unchecked. If the US’ designs to take control of Greenland and Denmark, for instance, are not defeated the world could very well be having on its hands, sooner rather than later, a pre-World War Two type situation.
Ironically, it is the ‘World’s Mightiest Democracy’ which is today allowing itself to be seen as the prime aggressor in the present round of global tensions. In the current confrontations, democratic opinion the world over is obliged to back the EU, since it has emerged as the principal opponent of the US, which is allowing itself to be seen as a fascist power.
Hopefully sane counsel would prevail among the chief antagonists in the present standoff growing, once again, out of uncontainable territorial ambitions. The EU is obliged to lead from the front in resolving the current crisis by diplomatic means since a region-wide armed conflict, for instance, could lead to unbearable ill-consequences for the world.
It does not follow that the UN has no role to play currently. Given the existing power realities within the UN Security Council, the UN cannot be faulted for coming to be seen as helpless in the face of the present tensions. However, it will need to continue with and build on its worldwide development activities since the global South in particular needs them very badly.
The UN needs to strive in the latter directions more than ever before since multi-billionaires are now in the seats of power in the principle state of the global North, the US. As the charity Oxfam has pointed out, such financially all-powerful persons and allied institutions are multiplying virtually incalculably. It follows from these realities that the poor of the world would suffer continuous neglect. The UN would need to redouble its efforts to help these needy sections before widespread poverty leads to hemispheric discontent.
Features
Brighten up your skin …
Hi! This week I’ve come up with tips to brighten up your skin.
* Turmeric and Yoghurt Face Pack:
You will need 01 teaspoon of turmeric powder and 02 tablespoons of fresh yoghurt.
Mix the turmeric and yoghurt into a smooth paste and apply evenly on clean skin. Leave it for 15–20 minutes and then rinse with lukewarm water
Benefits:
Reduces pigmentation, brightens dull skin and fights acne-causing bacteria.
* Lemon and Honey Glow Pack:
Mix 01teaspoon lemon juice and 01 tablespoon honey and apply it gently to the face. Leave for 10–15 minutes and then wash off with cool water.
Benefits:
Lightens dark spots, improves skin tone and deeply moisturises. By the way, use only 01–02 times a week and avoid sun exposure after use.
* Aloe Vera Gel Treatment:
All you need is fresh aloe vera gel which you can extract from an aloe leaf. Apply a thin layer, before bedtime, leave it overnight, and then wash face in the morning.
Benefits:
Repairs damaged skin, lightens pigmentation and adds natural glow.
* Rice Flour and Milk Scrub:
You will need 01 tablespoon rice flour and 02 tablespoons fresh milk.
Mix the rice flour and milk into a thick paste and then massage gently in circular motions. Leave for 10 minutes and then rinse with water.
Benefits:
Removes dead skin cells, improves complexion, and smoothens skin.
* Tomato Pulp Mask:
Apply the tomato pulp directly, leave for 15 minutes, and then rinse with cool water
Benefits:
Controls excess oil, reduces tan, and brightens skin naturally.
Features
Shooting for the stars …
That’s precisely what 25-year-old Hansana Balasuriya has in mind – shooting for the stars – when she was selected to represent Sri Lanka on the international stage at Miss Intercontinental 2025, in Sahl Hasheesh, Egypt.
The grand finale is next Thursday, 29th January, and Hansana is all geared up to make her presence felt in a big way.
Her journey is a testament to her fearless spirit and multifaceted talents … yes, her life is a whirlwind of passion, purpose, and pageantry.
Raised in a family of water babies (Director of The Deep End and Glory Swim Shop), Hansana’s love affair with swimming began in childhood and then she branched out to master the “art of 8 limbs” as a Muay Thai fighter, nailed Karate and Kickboxing (3-time black belt holder), and even threw herself into athletics (literally!), especially throwing events, and netball, as well.
A proud Bishop’s College alumna, Hansana’s leadership skills also shone bright as Senior Choir Leader.
She earned a BA (Hons) in Business Administration from Esoft Metropolitan University, and then the world became her playground.
Before long, modelling and pageantry also came into her scene.
She says she took to part-time modelling, as a hobby, and that led to pageants, grabbing 2nd Runner-up titles at Miss Nature Queen and Miss World Sri Lanka 2025.
When she’s not ruling the stage, or pool, Hansana’s belting tunes with Soul Sounds, Sri Lanka’s largest female ensemble.
What’s more, her artistry extends to drawing, and she loves hitting the open road for long drives, she says.
This water warrior is also on a mission – as Founder of Wave of Safety,
Hansana happens to be the youngest Executive Committee Member of the Sri Lanka Aquatic Sports Union (SLASU) and, as founder of Wave of Safety, she’s spreading water safety awareness and saving lives.
Today is Hansana’s ninth day in Egypt and the itinerary for today, says National Director for Sri Lanka, Brian Kerkoven, is ‘Jeep Safari and Sunset at the Desert.’
And … the all-important day at Miss Intercontinental 2025 is next Thursday, 29th January.
Well, good luck to Hansana.
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