Features
Anti-Semitism and genocide in Europe
PALESTINE and IRELAND: UNITED BY PARTITION – I
by Jayantha Somasundaram
“Partition is the Englishman’s favourite way out of a difficulty. But it is a confession of failure” Irish Independent Dublin.
On Sunday, 15th December, Israel’s Foreign Minister closed their Embassy in Dublin. The following day The Jerusalem Post pointedly remarked that “if Israel were to close embassies in all countries that are diplomatically hostile, its number of representations would be dramatically reduced…Norway and Spain have also recognised a Palestinian state, and their criticism of Israel is often as equally harsh…the same is true of Belgium and smaller EU states such as Malta and Luxembourg.” Interestingly Dublin did not retaliate and closed its Embassy in Tel Aviv. Ireland had recognised Israel in 1963 and they exchanged Ambassadors in 1996.
The Irish Army has, since 1978, participated in the UN peacekeeping force in Southern Lebanon, named UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon), as does the Sri Lanka Army. On three occasions UNIFIL was commanded by Irish Army officers. Not only has the Irish Army suffered 48 fatalities, the most casualties of any of the UNIFIL participants, but they claim that in 1987 Corporal Dermot McLoughlin was deliberately killed by Israeli tank fire.
Though the Tel Aviv-Dublin diplomatic standoff may seem trivial, and marginal, given the brutality, the intransigence and the intractability of the Israeli-Palestinian War, the Irish sideshow throws up a plethora of issues relating to history, religion, nationalism and conflict that impact on the main drama.
Though Jesus of Nazareth and His disciples were Asian, His most influential follower Paul, through his missions to Turkey and Greece in the first century, took Christianity to Europe. There, with the conversion of the Roman Emperor Constantine in AD313, Christianity became the religion of the Empire and consequently of Europe. And, in time, traditional European religions and local beliefs disappeared.
As early as the 4th Century missionaries to England established churches along the Bristol Channel; while St Patrick is revered as having Christianised Ireland in the 5th Century. Though England would become Protestant during the reign of King Henry VIII in the 16th Century, Ireland remained faithful to Roman Catholicism despite English persecution. But over the centuries many people in Northern Ireland did adopt Protestant Christianity.
The Irish War of Independence 1919-21 led ultimately to the predominantly Catholic southern counties becoming the State of Ireland in 1937. While Ulster, the predominantly Protestant counties of the north, remain part of the United Kingdom.
Jews in Europe
The Jewish presence in Europe preceded the rise of the Roman Empire. Once Christianity dominated Europe the Jews remained the exception, a conspicuous minority who rejected Christianity. Moreover, Jewish contemporaries of Christ had listened to Him, seen His miracles and yet refused to acknowledge Him; and succeeding generations in Europe, living among Christians, continued to deny Him. This refusal to accept Jesus as the Messiah long promised to the Jews was construed not as ignorance, but diabolical obstinacy.
In fact St. Augustine (354-430) the most influential Christian theologian of his time, argued that Jewish communities should be allowed to survive in conditions of degradation and impotence to underline the failure of Judaism and the triumph of the Church. Consequently Christian attacks on Jewish Synagogues in Europe began as early as the fourth century. Soon the Jews would be denied all rights and access to office in Christian Europe.
The Greek Christian John Chrysostom in his ‘Sermons against the Jews,’ delivered in Antioch, presented the Jews as murderers of Christ. Thus by the 5th Century anti-Jewish pogroms spread even to Palestine resulting in the burning of entire villages. And in 629 when Emperor Heraclitus retook Jerusalem from the Persians, there was a massacre of Jews by Christian Rome.
In Spain, Jews were forcibly converted to Christianity on pain of death, and the Inquisition was established by the Church to uncover under torture, those Jews who remained secret believers. When the Moors from North Africa invaded Spain in 711 the Jews welcomed them because under the Caliph, Cordoba became a centre of Jewish learning, a city of Jewish scholars, philosophers, poets and scientists. By the 11th Century the Muslims had created an Islamic Commonwealth that stretched from Spain to India. To the Muslims, Jewish monotheism was as pure as their own.
Rumours that Christians were being ill-treated in Palestine by Jews and Muslims, fuelled hostility in Europe and sparked the Crusades. The first Crusade was launched in 1095, and as they marched across Europe these ‘holy warriors’ targeted the Jews. “Marauding crusaders on their way to the Middle East in 1096 stopped to slaughter Jews in the Rhineland. One crusader account recalls thus: Behold we journey a long way to seek the idolatrous shrine and to take vengeance upon the Muslims. But here are the Jews dwelling amongst us whose ancestors killed him and crucified him groundlessly. Let us take vengeance first upon them – let us wipe them out as a nation,” records Collin Hansen in the journal Christian History.
Anti-Semitism
By the 15th Century Jews had been expelled from all major west European areas: Vienna in 1421, Cologne in 1424, Augsburg in 1439, Bavaria in 1442, Milan in 1489 and Florence in 1494. And in Venice, in 1541, the term ghetto nuovo was applied to the area in which the Jews were confined. European Jews tended, therefore, to move east into Poland, Lithuania and Russia.
In comparison to continental Europe the Jewish presence in Ireland was not significant, but when all Jews were expelled from England, in accordance with the Edict of Expulsion of 18 July 1290, a Jewish holy day (the ninth of Ab, commemorating the destruction of the Second Temple in AD70), it is believed that Jews in the English Pale in Dublin would have been also evicted.
Initially, European Jews had welcomed the Protestant Reformation in the expectation that the persecution they had endured for centuries at the hands of the Roman Church would end. Martin Luther in turn expected the Jews to voluntarily accept Protestant Christianity. When he realised that the Jews still remained faithful to their own beliefs, Luther turned on them with fury in his 1543 publication On the Jews and their Lies. “First their Synagogues should be set on fire…their homes smashed and destroyed…they should be put under one roof or in a stable like Gypsies…banned from roads and markets…their property seized…drafted into forced labour.” The Holocaust had been chartered!
Not only Karl Marx but Eduard Bernstein in Germany, Rosa Luxembourg in Russian Poland, Bela Kun in Hungary, Kurt Eisner in Bavaria and Leon Trotsky in Russia dominated revolutionary politics in Europe. Jews like Martov, Dan, Radek, Zinoviev and Trotsky were conspicuous in the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917. The Russian Revolution prompted the creation and dissemination of a forged document, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion about an international Jewish conspiracy. The ‘Revolutionary Jew’ became a further excuse for Europe’s Christian establishment to persecute Jews.
Holocaust
Race theories that Nazi intellectuals were formulating concluded that as Teutonic Aryans, the Germans were inherently superior to the Jews of Semitic ancestry. Even before the Nazis took power in 1933, Jewish lecturers and students were being driven out of German universities. Adolf Hitler himself was explicit – as early as 1922 he said: The annihilation of the Jews will be my first and foremost task. Paradoxically, there is reason to believe that Hitler’s own father may have been the illegitimate son of a Jew.
Once they took power, the Nazis used the 1935 Nuremberg Decrees to strip the Jews of their basic rights. On the Kristallnacht or Crystal Night the Nazis attacked and looted Jewish shops and burned all the Synagogues. Hitler had promised a ‘final solution’ to the ‘Jewish problem.’
Himmler responded by opening the first concentration camp at Dachau. By the end of World War II in 1945, of the eight million Jews in German-occupied Europe, six million had been killed.
Not far from the Dachau concentration camp is the Bavarian village of Oberammergau. Because its inhabitants believed they were spared during the Bubonic plague of 1634, they enact a now world-famous passion play every 10 years. In 1934, having witnessed the performance, Adolf Hitler said, “it is vital that the passion play be continued; for never has the menace of Jewry been so convincingly portrayed. There one sees Pontius Pilate, a Roman racially and intellectually superior, who stands out like a firm, clean rock, in the middle of the whole muck and mire of Jewry.”
At the height of the Holocaust, in 1942, when the Papal Nuncio – the Pope’s Ambassador – in Slovakia was asked to intervene on behalf of Jewish children destined for the gas chambers, his response was: “There is no innocent blood of Jewish children in the world. All Jewish blood is guilty. You have to die. This is the punishment that has been awaiting you because of the sin of deicide (the murder of God).”
A contrite Pope John Paul II admitted in 1997, that many Christians had looked the other way during the Holocaust because in their estimation, the Jews were getting what they deserved for rejecting Christ.
Features
Marine ecosystem Status and Health Monitoring 2023-24
By Ifham Nizam
The Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, biodiversity hotspots along India’s southeastern coastline, play a pivotal role in sustaining marine ecosystems and supporting the livelihoods of coastal communities. Amid growing concerns about climate change and human-induced pressures, a comprehensive study, titled Marine Ecosystem Status and Health Monitoring 2023-24, has brought much-needed attention to these vital regions.
Edited by Dr. Terney Pradeep Kumara of the University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, along with Dr. Jayanthi M. of the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and Dr. J. K. Patterson Edward from the Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, this publication focuses the importance of regular ecosystem monitoring.
Speaking to The Island, Dr. Kumara, Professor in Oceanography, Department of Oceanography and Marine Geology, University of Ruhuna/ Director of the Centre for International Affairs (CINTA), told The Island: “Marine ecosystems are the lifelines of coastal economies. Their degradation not only impacts biodiversity but also the communities that depend on them. Our study aims to provide actionable insights for sustainable management.” With over 4,000 species reported in the Gulf of Mannar alone, these ecosystems are treasures of marine biodiversity.
The report, authored by V. Naganathan, Deepak S. Bilgi, A. S. Marimuthu, T. K. Ashok Kumar, and Bakan Jagdish Sudhakar, highlights several key findings:
Coral Reefs: Live coral cover has seen a slight recovery in the Gulf of Mannar, increasing from 23.3% in 2022 to 23.5% in 2023. However, the Palk Bay’s coral cover remains precariously low at 18.4%.
Seagrass and Mangroves: Seagrass beds, critical for carbon sequestration, exhibit varying health across regions, while mangroves, vital for coastal protection, remain under threat from anthropogenic activities.
Pollution: While physico-chemical parameters are largely within safe limits, seasonal fluctuations and marine debris continue to pose significant challenges.
Dr. Kumara emphasizes the global significance of these findings: “As part of the Indo-Pacific realm, the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay hold a unique place in global marine conservation efforts. Collaborative actions between India and Sri Lanka are crucial.”
The report, backed by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department, and other key stakeholders, provides a framework for future conservation efforts. Dr. Kumara and his co-editors, Dr. Jayanthi and Dr. Patterson Edward, hope the findings will catalyze policy changes and foster stronger community involvement.
“This decade is critical,” Dr. Kumara concludes. “We must act now to ensure that future generations inherit thriving oceans.”
For conservationists, policymakers, and researchers alike, this report is a clarion call to protect the invaluable marine ecosystems of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay.
Marine Ecosystem Monitoring: Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay (2023-2024)
The Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, located along the southeastern coast of India, are biodiversity hotspots with immense ecological and economic significance. These marine ecosystems encompass coral reefs, seagrass meadows, and mangrove forests, supporting a vast array of flora and fauna while providing livelihoods to coastal communities. This article explores the findings of the 2023-24 monitoring report, highlighting the status and health of these ecosystems, the threats they face, and recommendations for their conservation.
The Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay fall within the Indo-Pacific realm, known as the world’s richest region for marine biodiversity. With over 4,000 species reported in the Gulf of Mannar and nearly 3,300 species in Palk Bay, these ecosystems are critical for sustaining marine life. The Gulf of Mannar is India’s first marine biosphere reserve and was designated as a Ramsar site in 2022.
However, these ecosystems are vulnerable to both climatic and non-climatic factors, including coral bleaching, pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction. Recognizing this, the Tamil Nadu Forest Department has established permanent monitoring sites to assess and manage the health of these vital habitats.
Coral reefs are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth. The monitoring data for 2023-24 revealed a slight improvement in coral health in the Gulf of Mannar compared to previous years:
The live coral cover averaged 23.5% in the Gulf of Mannar and 18.4% in Palk Bay. However, these figures are significantly lower than the baseline of 37% recorded in 2005 due to multiple bleaching events and human-induced stressors.
Some 70 coral species were identified in the Gulf of Mannar and 36 in Palk Bay. Massive corals dominated, followed by branching and table forms.
Juvenile Coral Density: This metric, indicative of reproductive success, averaged 9.0 m2 in the Gulf of Mannar and 5.8 m2 in Palk Bay.
Coral reefs are threatened by invasive species like Kappaphycus alvarezii, marine debris, and rising sea temperatures, which have consistently exceeded the bleaching threshold during summers.
Seagrass Meadows
Seagrass beds are crucial for nutrient cycling, coastal protection, and as habitats for species like dugongs and sea turtles. The study recorded:
Seagrass Cover: The Gulf of Mannar showed seagrass coverage ranging between 27.9% and 67.8%, while Palk Bay ranged between 19.5% and 60.9%.
Species Diversity:
Nine seagrass species were identified, with Cymodocea serrulata, Syringodium isoetifolium, and Thalassia hemprichii being the most common.
Shoot Density: Higher in regions with greater seagrass cover, showcasing a healthy ecosystem.
Mangrove Forests
Mangroves are natural buffers against coastal erosion and provide critical habitats for marine organisms. The study recorded:
Gulf of Mannar: The largest mangrove cover was in the Tamiraparani river estuary, spanning 172 hectares. Four mangrove species were identified, including Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata.
Palk Bay: The Karankadu region had the highest mangrove cover of 250 hectares, with three dominant species.
Challenges: Mangroves face threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and encroachment.
Coastal Pollution
Physico-chemical parameters indicated that water and sediment quality were generally within acceptable levels. However, seasonal fluctuations caused by strong winds and water currents led to elevated turbidity and suspended solid levels. Heat stress during summer also exacerbated coral bleaching.
Marine Debris: Significant debris was observed, affecting 838 m2 of reef area in the Gulf of Mannar and 90 m2 in Palk Bay.
Conservation Efforts and Recommendations
The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has taken steps to mitigate threats and improve the health of these ecosystems:
Invasive Species Control: Manual removal of Kappaphycus alvarezii has significantly reduced its spread.
Community Involvement: Programmes, like eco-development committees and self-help groups, empower local communities to engage in conservation.
Regular Monitoring: Permanent monitoring sites provide long-term data critical for effective management.
Recommendations: Strengthen marine protected areas and expand eco-sensitive zones.
Promote sustainable fishing practices and regulate tourism.
Enhance public awareness about marine conservation.
Continue monitoring and restore degraded habitats using scientific interventions.
The Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay are ecological treasures that require vigilant protection. While the current state of these ecosystems is fair, ongoing threats necessitate robust conservation efforts. By fostering a balance between biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihoods, these marine ecosystems can thrive for generations to come.
Features
Delft Island children achieving great success in canoeing
by Admiral Ravindra C Wijegunaratne
(Former Chief of Defence Staff and Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy
and Former Sri Lanka High Commissioner to Pakistan)
The Navy, under the aegis of its Commander Vice Admiral Priyantha Perera and his lady, and President of Sri Lanka Navy Seva Vanitha Unit, Mala Lamahewa, conducted the National Canoeing and Kayaking Competition in the Jaffna lagoon last September. It was a difficult task as boats/equipment and teams required to be transported to Jaffna.
The National Regatta, held in the Jaffna lagoon off the picturesque Jaffna Dutch Fort, under the able leadership of the President of the National Association in Canoeing and Kayaking in Sri Lanka (NACKSL) Rear Admiral Chinthaka Kumaratunge, and with the assistance of Secretary of NACKSL Captain Wijesiri – injured Navy Special Forces (SBS) officers and their staff.
What is interesting was that the Boys and Girls teams from Delft Maha Vidyalum beat all Colombo Schools in the Dragon Boat category, after just one week of training !
It was amazing to see these youngsters paddling together as a team and winning both the categories convincingly.
The President of the Navy Seva Vanitha Unit, who was present with the Chief Secretary of the Northern Province, L Ilangovan, kept to her promise and arranged these talented Northern Children to visit Colombo last week and undergo special training sessions at the Diyawanna Oya Navy Rowing Club, under the guidance of proper coaches.
Out of 42 children who visited Colombo, under Navy arrangements, 32 of them were visiting Colombo for the first time. They were delighted. Students of other leading schools joined their counterparts from the North at Navy Rowing Club and now they have friends in the Delft Island when they visit Jaffna next time and enjoy the breakfast at Deft Island with pittu, Ssodai curry and sambol!
The children were hosted to Dinner at the Navy’s Wave-N-Lake Restaurant at Walisara and the First Lady of the Navy had a gift each for those students from Jaffna .
They are badly in need of two Dragon Boats and I wonder if there is anyone who could sponsor them?
Canoeing is in their blood. They paddle Theppam with their fathers every morning, before going to school!
Features
The Government’s Term Tests & Results: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
by Rajan Philips
A newspaper editorial suggested that the NPP government is facing its December term test and that its weaknesses are showing. In fact, there have been quite a few term tests set up by different pundit examiners and they are producing a mixed bag of results. Overall and objectively, if I may say so, the government has done a reasonably good job for the most part; with a few bads, mainly gaffes, including a Prime Ministerial gaffe involving the two ‘Chinas’; and one standout ugly – the pathetic “PhD in Biochemistry and BSc in Chemical Engineering” lies of Asoka Ranwala MP, and his deservedly quick fall from Speakership grace. The focus has been mostly on his PhD boast, but his claim to a degree in Chemical Engineering is itself an instant hoax. And the leap from Chemical Engineering in Moratuwa to Biochemistry in Japan is manifestly ignorant and creatively stupid.
The real tests have been on the government’s many critics including almost all media outlets – all of them outside parliament as there is no worthwhile opposition within parliament, and all of them wanting to rip a feather off the fledgling AKD presidency and NPP government. The Speaker fiasco has been the critics’ biggest reward so far but even they know that Mr. Ranwala’s stupid twin boasts are a damning indictment of the man’s character but not a fatal flaw of the government. There is no excuse for what this quack of an MP did but there is a limit to which the government can take the blame for it.
There is no question that the NPP government is being asked by numerous critics to show either results or its abilities to produce them almost instantly. Quite a rigorous treatment for a new government and so early in its term. A few of the critics have still not been able to come to terms with the reality that Sri Lanka now has a new JVP (NPP) government. Others are in it for the ride, and also because many of them do not have the same cordial access to the inner circles of the present government as they would have had to its (Ranil-Rajapaksa) predecessors.
All that said, the government with so many new MPs and Ministers is still on a long learning curve, and there are miles to go before it has its real ‘term test’ – the next general election, which one would hope will only be a parliamentary election without another presidential election. And miles to go in many directions involving different ministries and new initiatives.
This Sunday, it will be 90 days since the presidential election and 37 days after the parliamentary election. At the year end, President Dissanayake will be completing his first one hundred days in office, while his full government would have been in office for 47 days. So far, it is the President who has been the centre of all actions and attention. If the government is serious about transitioning to a parliamentary democracy, other cabinet ministers must and must be encouraged to step up and take responsibility for their portfolios in a very public manner as it used to be before 1977 and even until 1994.
People’s Pre-occupations
While President AKD’s first hundred days may not have been spectacular, they have been solid. He could be proud of his tone setting inaugural speech to parliament, his leadership in providing continuity on economic matters, the setting up of a compact cabinet, and the deft handling of his first official visit to India, the island’s preponderant neighbour. While these are commendable accomplishments, the people’s preoccupations are about the availability of essential goods and the affordability of their prices. The government has not found its stride on either front.
Rice and coconuts, among other essentials, have become thorny issues both in terms of rising prices and growing shortages. Fuel and electricity costs are added concerns, though there have been reductions in fuel prices. People and even critics are willing to give the new government some slack, but because so much was promised by the NPP during the election campaigns that order and fairness will be restored in the supply and sale of essential goods and services, the general public and critics have been expecting to see at least different approaches to these problems by the new government even if there are no immediate results arising from them.
Rice, Sri Lanka’s perennial political problem, is now the NPP government’s primary problem. There are both shortages and the uncertainty of prices, which will have to be addressed promptly to avoid facing the fury of the people. The usual quick fixes like price control and supplementary imports are creating more confusion than resolution. The paradox of high levels of rice consumption and the relative poverty of the farmers who produce rice is a longstanding structural problem. But if NPP were to be worth its salt it needs to get cracking on some of these structural problems.
The most notorious of them and where immediate action is needed is the stranglehold that of about six large rice millers have on the rice market. They virtually control the upstream purchase of paddy in large quantities, provide for intermediate processing and storage in massive capacities, and similarly control the downstream sale of rice to wholesalers and retailers in the distribution market. In addition, the rice millers who have benefited hugely from bank credit facilities to build up their milling industry have now become the primary lenders for the poor farmers and producers of paddy. They have taken advantage of the lack of regulatory oversight under successive governments and now become out of control monsters.
In their 2022 research paper on Rice Milling Economics and Market Power, WAN Wijesooriya and IV Kuruppu, two Agrarian Researchers, recommend government initiatives for establishing a comprehensive database covering the rice milling industry in the country, and for encouraging the growth of medium scale millers to break the stranglehold of the largest rice mill holdings. If the NPP government wants to succeed where previous governments have not only failed but did not even try, it must make use of the agrarian expertise available in the country and spearhead a systematic approach to break the stranglehold of the large rice millers. Anything less will be fruitless tinkering with a longstanding problem. The government must also encourage its subject Ministers to take the lead on these matters rather than channelling any and all files all the way to the President’s desk.
Indian Visit
I am not sure whether Sri Lanka’s current rice crisis came up for discussion during the President’s otherwise successful official visit to India. I do not recall if the word rice being in any of the reports or statements on the visit. Rice may not be the only missing word. There have been no references to 13A, or its plus or minus. For the first time, according to one wordy observer, the word ‘Tamil’ has been missing in all the public pronouncements of the visit. During his first meeting with a Sri Lankan President (Mahinda Rajapaksa) in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi famously reset the bilateral clock to 13A. Perhaps 13A was a bone of contention when the Rajapaksas were at the helm.
Not anymore, it would seem, with a different President, a new government, its tone and messaging, and most of all the topsy turvy election results in the North and East of Sri Lanka. The NPP government could not have hoped for a better start with India on, for want of a less offensive word to some ears, the ‘Tamil’ file; but it has quite a bit of homework to keep it going the way it has started. The objective should be not to ‘disappear Tamil’ as a bilateral subject, but to accommodate Sri Lanka’s Tamils, Muslims and the Tamils of recent Indian origin as equal citizens in law and fact, in a not too distant post-racial Sri Lanka.
For all the historical ties and the geographical proximity between India and Sri Lanka, the relationship between the two countries in the twenty first century is both seen in and defined by the backdrop of China. President AKD’s visit was seen both as a test and as a signal as to which way he might be leaning considering the fact that his two predecessors have been wildly inclined to one side or the other.
Ranil Wickremesinghe, as former president, has been egging President AKD to go all in with India and follow the vision statement he co-announced with Modi in India without any reference to anyone back home. On the other hand, Mahinda Rajapaksa since becoming President in 2005 tilted Sri Lanka significantly towards China without unduly disturbing India. Which way will the wind be blowing with President AKD, has been the question on the minds of all observers of the little Indian Ocean drama involving Sri Lanka.
To his credit, President AKD flew straight and was sincere and honest in his interactions in New Delhi, and he could be expected to be similarly straight, sincere and honest when he goes to Beijing. Enough has been said about the range of topics for co-operation between India and Sri Lanka that was covered by the two leaders and articulated in their joint statement. The areas of co-operation between Sri Lanka and China may not be so extensive on paper but have been quite substantial on the ground.
The challenge to the NPP government, in my view, would be to take a comprehensive review of the plethora of projects in Sri Lanka that have been and are slated to be undertaken by the two Asian giants, make an assessment of their costs and benefits, and to have an integrated internal plan to ensure that the country would maximize the benefits of these projects, while minimizing environmental impacts and avoiding waste and duplication of resources.
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