Connect with us

Opinion

Afghanistan: Many Invasions and lessons not learnt

Published

on

By N.A. de S. AMARATUNGA

Afghanistan is known as the “graveyard of empires”. Almost all the empires that grew in the region, and also some from far away regions, had invaded Afghanistan. These invasions have rarely been successful, the invader being forced to retreat due to a combination of factors; tenacity of the tribes that inhabited the country and the terrain of the land being the main reasons. However, big powers had invaded the country several times and some had managed to stay for long periods, but at great loss in men and money. Britain and the Soviet Union had come there several times, and the US had managed to stay there for two decades in recent times.

Persians had been the invaders that history records as the first empire that made a forceful entry into Afghanistan. Then Alexander the Great from Macedonia (Greece) came there in 330 BC, as part of his war against Persia. After his death in 323 BC, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was formed and they remained in Afghanistan and West India for three centuries. By the way, during this period, one of the Bactrian kings of this Kingdom, King Menander 1 converted to Buddhism following his dialogue with Buddhist priests in India. These discussions have been compiled as “Milinda Prassna” and are an important component of Buddhist scripture.

Arab Caliphate invaded Afghanistan in the 7th Century and converted the country into a Muslim nation. The Arabs were followed by Genghis Khan of the Mongol Empire in the 13th Century, and then by Timur (modern Uzbekistan). In 1837 when there was internal conflict in Kabul, Sikh king Ranjith Singh from Punjab annexed Peshawar and other parts of Afghanistan. It was the British who replaced the Sikhs in 1838. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Afghanistan was invaded three times from British India. The first Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-1842 was conducted with the intention of limiting Russian influence. Within four years the British were expelled. Not learning from their mistakes, the British launched a second invasion in 1878, for much the same reasons and stayed for two years. A third invasion was attempted by the British in 1919, which lasted for three months only and ended in a compromise that saw Afghanistan reassert its independence.

Ten years later in 1929 the Soviet Union launched its first invasion of Afghanistan. The second intervention was in 1930. In 1979 the Afghan government asked for assistance from the Soviet Union to fight a rebellion. After some reluctance the Red Army was sent to quell the insurgency. Russian forces were subsequently reinforced by the 40th Army. This move had several consequences, including a boycott of the Moscow Olympics. Soviet troops numbered 100,000, and provoked the US and Saudi Arabia to fund terrorist groups fighting the Soviet occupation. These groups were successful in finally forcing the Soviet troops to withdraw in 1989. The Taliban grew out of these groups of terrorists.

Though it is often said that the US invaded Afghanistan in 2001 in search of Al Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden, who had taken the responsibility for attacking the Twin Towers and the Pentagon, it had been involved in Afghanistan affairs for quite a while and had been responsible for the rise of Al Qaeda. The US had been funding these terrorist organisations with the intention of thwarting the Russian involvement, but eventually had to pay the price when the terrorists turned their guns on the US.

The US came to occupy Afghanistan in 2001 and fought a bloody war for twenty years. They spent more than three trillion USD and lost more than 3400 troops. After 20 years the US was made to cut a deal with the Taliban. The agreement that was signed by the US and Taliban did not include the Afghan Government or any of the NATO partners who had troops in Afghanistan. Most commentators consider this sudden withdrawal as a betrayal of its allies by the US.

This is not the first time the US has suddenly given up the fight. In Vietnam too, the US was humbled and forced to pack up and leave in 1975, without achieving anything except the men and money they lost. When the US lost in Vietnam, many Americans believed that the US by virtue of its failings at home and in Vietnam had no business attempting international leadership at all. Many believed the US had to pull back in the world and concentrate on challenges at home. In 1941 the US President Franklin Roosevelt and UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill had entered into the Atlantic Charter, which sought to advance a rules based liberal world order. To pursue these policies is proving to be highly costly in terms of blood and money.

This is not the first time the US had seemingly betrayed its friends. Historically, it had happened during the American War of Independence against the British too. The US had asked for assistance from France and had got it. But after the War it had quickly made peace with Britain, and unilaterally concluded a peace treaty with Britain that was detrimental to France’s interests. This put Louis XVI’s regime in a difficult position, which it is believed gave cause for the French Revolution.

The US doesn’t seem to have learnt from its past failures. They are now eyeing the Far East, and before the dust has settled in Afghanistan the Vice President is touring that region. One hopes they will not create another Vietnam or Afghanistan in the Far East. Chinese not to be out done have moved into Afghanistan with a lot of aid. Absence of US troops in Afghanistan would help the Chinese to pursue their policies in the Belt and Road Initiative in that region.

In the final analysis, the US or any other big power should not be invading any other country with imperialist intentions. Some argue that the US cannot be trusted and therefore its allies cannot rely on it. More than a question of trust, the fact of the matter is that imperialism, particularly when it is driven by military invasion, may not work in today’s world; for nobody likes to be under the yoke of a foreign power. People in the US have taken to the streets on this issue, and demanded that instead of waging war in foreign lands the Government must solve the problems at home. Poverty rates and homelessness are on the rise and the gap between the rich and the poor is widening. Covid pandemic has made the situation worse. While the billionaires in the US have doubled their wealth, the number of people below poverty line has increased during Covid times.

Afghanistan has managed to maintain its reputation as the “graveyard of empires”. Would America continue to strengthen its evil reputation as the invader who cut and ran after causing much damage to the victim, as well as to itself, with nothing to show for its efforts. It’s not only in Vietnam and Afghanistan that America had pursued its evil reputation and then run away, but also in Iraq (2013), Syria (2019) and perhaps in Libya too. Where will it be next? Anyway, it’s time the US realized that the world does not need it as its policeman.



Continue Reading
Click to comment

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Opinion

Open letter to PUCSL on proposed electricity tariff revision

Published

on

Although the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL) has appropriately invited public consultation on the proposed electricity tariff revision from 27 February to 18 March, the online submission portal appears to contain a non-functioning submission tab. If this technical issue persists, it risks undermining the integrity and effectiveness of the entire consultation process. Consequently, I have chosen to present this letter openly for public consideration, including by the PUCSL.

Current geopolitical tensions in the Middle East underscore the urgent need for Sri Lanka to minimise its dependence on imported fossil fuels and prioritise the development of domestic renewable energy resources, including solar, hydro, and wind power. Such a transition is essential to securing a stable and independent energy supply. Regrettably, the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) appears to be moving in the opposite direction.

Promoting solar-powered electric vehicles supported by home-based renewable charging systems would strengthen national energy security and reduce pressure on imported fuel supplies. The fuel queues witnessed during periods of crisis, most notably in 2022, serve as a stark reminder of the risks associated with excessive dependence on external energy sources and the national anarchy that can follow.

As a small nation operating within a volatile global economy, Sri Lanka must remain as non-aligned and self-reliant as possible. Strengthening self-sufficiency in strategic sectors is critical to avoiding collateral damage amid escalating geopolitical rivalries among major powers. India has made steady progress along this path; Sri Lanka would be well-advised to do the same.

Raising electricity tariffs — a measure repeatedly adopted over the past decades to offset the high cost of fossil-fuel-based power generation — places an unfair burden on debt-ridden households and struggling businesses. Resorting once again to tariff increases, rather than addressing structural inefficiencies and fuel dependency, reflects a failure of long-term planning. The nation must instead pursue sustainable energy solutions that reduce costs over time.

As a debt-burdened country, Sri Lanka urgently requires pragmatic, forward-looking strategies that ease the pressure on citizens while strengthening resilience in times of geopolitical instability. Energy pricing is not a peripheral issue; it is a central pillar of economic stability and national security, demanding serious and immediate attention.

Established on 1 November 1969, the CEB was entrusted with the responsibility of generating and distributing electricity across the island while promoting social and economic development through the optimal use of national resources.

Recent developments suggest that the Ceylon Electricity Board has fallen short of these foundational objectives. Over the past two decades, electricity tariffs have been increased repeatedly under various justifications yet supply reliability has not consistently improved. The current proposed revision appears to perpetuate the same pattern: continued dependence on imported fossil fuels, directly contradicting the principle of optimally utilising national resources. This trajectory risks returning the country to recurring crises, including the prolonged fuel shortages and power cuts experienced in recent years.

Energy is not an ordinary commodity confined to a single sector; it affects every dimension of national life. High energy costs increase the cost of living by inflating expenses related to food production, transportation, manufacturing, and consumer goods. Ultimately, these costs are borne by citizens.

Moreover, elevated energy prices undermine national competitiveness by discouraging foreign investment and constraining local entrepreneurship, technological advancement, industrial expansion, and job creation. High-cost energy impedes national development.

Low-cost energy should therefore be formally adopted as a national policy objective. The CEB must adhere to its original mandate of optimising national resources for cost-effective electricity generation. Any deviation from this principle must be fully transparent and supported by clear, evidence-based justification.

Even in the sphere of renewable energy, concerns arise about the apparent preference for large-scale solar and battery storage projects that require substantial public funding. Previous claims of “grid instability” attributed to household rooftop solar generation were used to justify policy shifts. If electricity generated by rooftop solar during daylight hours was considered problematic, how would significantly larger solar installations differ in principle? Without systematic and transparent grid modernisation, such projects risk becoming costly stopgap measures rather than sustainable long-term solutions.

Poorly planned initiatives could once again expose the country to high delivery costs, reflected in elevated tariffs. They may also increase the risk of power disruptions due to battery limitations, spare-part shortages, infrastructure weaknesses, or maintenance failures. Sri Lanka has previously endured six- to ten-hour power outages, with severe economic and social consequences. The nation cannot afford a return to such instability.

It must also be recognised that rooftop solar installations, financed by homeowners — often through personal loans — have provided a crucial safety net for many families. By purchasing surplus energy from these “prosumers,” the system has functioned in a mutually beneficial manner for both households and the nation. Rather than discouraging decentralised generation, Sri Lanka should modernise its grid and meaningfully integrate citizen-led energy production. Short- and medium-term grid improvements could be facilitated through structured private-sector participation, including by prosumers themselves.

Globally, affordable energy underpins economic growth. Countries such as China, the United States, Norway, Brazil, and Canada have leveraged domestic energy resources to produce cost-effective power and accelerate development.

Sri Lanka must adopt a clear national policy centred on low-cost energy, fully utilising its natural endowments — solar, hydro, wind, and emerging technologies. Proposals prioritising imported fuels should be considered secondary and strictly transitional.

A nation that endures long queues for essential energy supplies cannot reasonably expect its citizens and businesses to remain productive and resilient. These realities are fundamentally incompatible.

Encouraging decentralised energy production would:

* Reduce the cost of living

* Improve national resilience

* Attract foreign investment

* Create employment

* Enhance export competitiveness

The people have entrusted the government with this responsibility. The time has come for a decisive, transparent, and forward-looking policy shift.

Chula Goonasekera

(cgoonase@sltnet.lk)

A concerned citizen

Continue Reading

Opinion

Need for well-designed contracts and their implementation

Published

on

The purchase of substandard coal using a faulty tendering process has become news lately. This enormous financial loss to the country indicates the urgent need for the Government to pass stronger contract laws and have their proper implementation in Sri Lanka by professionals. It is recommended that “Model” contracts need to be drawn up as typical examples and these made available to governmental departments who may need to enter into similar contracts. Do not ask a busy manager to design a contract, a legal document from scratch! Perhaps a whole department should be set up to monitor (police?) government and local government administration of contracts under English Contract Law and contracts under the United Nations Convention for International Sale of Goods (CISG). Perhaps now, it seems that anyone in government can draw up a contract and design it to suit his own whims and fancies!

I suggest here models of typical contracts, useable for different cases are made available for anyone or any department required to enter into a contract to enable them, or at least assist them to first formulate, and draw up an effective contract which must have certain important clauses. Contract administrators and supervisors need to be well trained, motivated and independent in order to administer Government contracts as the law of Sri Lanka should demand.

Contract Management

In the West, mutually agreed contracts are considered legal agreements enforceable by law under a given jurisdiction. There is the initiator of the contract named the Owner and a Main Contractor who agrees to implement the work for a price consideration, and who may delegate part, or all of the work to sub-contractors.

Contracts must provide all the information required by a contractor to complete the work. Contract clauses must incorporate all foreseeable eventualities. For example, the acceptance, as agreed and signed between the contacting parties by the supplier or lead contractor, needs to have clauses that allow for design changes (change orders), additional time and the formulation of related costs and profit accordingly. Such ‘in progress’ changes have procedures which are given in clauses dealing with ‘change orders’ which require assessing the cost of the change order implementation. Change order management may best be done by a firm of Quantity Surveyors.

The main contractor agrees with the owner to supply labour, materials and specialist equipment to fulfil the terms of the agreement or contract for a price. Special tax concessions, customs clearances and other legal requirements can fall on the shoulders of the Owner, or as negotiated from the outset. All these matters need to be clarified from the outset of any contract.

Time is of the essence. The time value of money is always at the forefront of the contract manager’s mind. The work is usually expected to be carried out to a time frame set by the owner. Therefore, the implementation of an agreement should be set in an agreed time frame with easily defined milestones marking progress and marking when appropriate payments become due.

Of course, contract administrators must make payments only when the work is verified as satisfactorily completed at each of previously agreed stages of the contract. Usually, there are time limitations, with penalties for time overruns. Owners want their goods delivered on time and to meet all contractual specifications on quality and performance. There should be clauses stipulating quality and quantity guarantees and guarantees of remedial repairs, continuing service agreements to be settled before an official handover and signing on completion of a contract. Final payment should be withheld until the guarantee period has expired. Preparing for these events needs computers, foresight and experience.

Small contracts are usually managed by the owner, but large, multimillion dollar contracts may be administered by an independent organisation. A contract is enforceable by law, with stated financial penalties for failures to abide by the terms of the contract, but all is subject to “Force Majeure.” This is when progress of the work is seriously impeded or impossible due to events totally outside the control of the Subcontractor.

Contract implementation is a large area, well catered for by laws in the English language. This letter can only raise questions about the quality of contract administration in Sri Lanka. Unfortunately, so few legislators have sufficient knowledge of English, resulting in loopholes allowing manipulation which may result in Sri Lankan public having to pay through the nose, pay dearly for incompetent practice.

I can suggest these improvements, but my actual experience is that all my letters, in English, to officialdom go unanswered and ignored.

Roger. O. Smith

Continue Reading

Opinion

Sri Lanka Cricket needs a bitter pill

Published

on

A systemic diagnosis of a fading legacy

The outcome of the 2026 T20 World Cup, coupled with the trajectory of the sport in recent years, provides harrowing evidence that Sri Lankan cricket is suffering from a terminal malignancy.The Doomsday clock for Sri Lankan cricket has not just started ticking—it has reached its final hour.

Therefore this note is written to call the attention of the cricketing elite who love the sport.

The current state of affairs suggests a pathology so deep-seated that conventional remedies—be it revolving-door coaching changes or fleeting, opportunistic victories—can no longer arrest its spread.

What we are witnessing is not a mere slump in form or a temporary lapse in rhythm; it is a profound systemic collapse that threatens the very foundation of our national pastime.

The Illusion of Recovery: The “Sanath Factor” as Palliative Care:

Since late 2024, the appointment of Sanath Jayasuriya as Head Coach injected a much-needed surge of adrenaline into the national side.

Statistically, the highlights were historic: a first ODI series win against India in 27 years, a Test victory at The Oval after a decade, and a clinical 2-0 whitewash of New Zealand.

However, a data-driven autopsy reveals that these will be “palliative” successes rather than a cure.

Under Jayasuriya’s tenure, the team maintained a win rate of approximately 50 percent (29 wins in 60 matches).

While analysts optimistically labeled this a “transitional phase,” the recent T20 series against England and Pakistan exposed the raw truth: in high-pressure “crunch” moments, the team’s performance metrics—specifically Strike Rate (SR) and Fielding Efficiency—regress to amateur levels.

We are not transitioning; we are stagnating in a professional abyss.

The Scientific Gap:

Why India and Australia Lead

The disparity between Sri Lanka and global giants such as the BCCI and Cricket Australia (CA) is now rooted in High-Performance Science and Algorithmic Management.

Predictive Analytics & Biometrics

In Australia, fast bowlers utilise wearable sensors to monitor workload and biomechanical stress.

AI models analyse this data to predict stress fractures before they occur.

Sri Lanka, conversely, continues to cycle through injured pacemen with no predictive oversight.

Virtual Reality (VR) Training

While Australian batters use VR to simulate the trajectories of elite global bowlers, Sri Lankan players remain tethered to traditional net sessions on deteriorating domestic tracks.

Data-Driven Talent Identification:

India’s “transmission system” utilises automated data analysis across thousands of domestic matches to identify players who thrive under specific pressure indices.

In Sri Lanka, 85 percent of national talent still originates from just four districts—a statistical failure in talent scouting and geographic expansion.

Infrastructure vs. Intellect:

A Misallocation of Capital

Sri Lanka Cricket (SLC) boasts massive reserves, yet its investment strategy is fundamentally flawed.

Capital is funneled into “bricks and mortar”—grand stadiums and administrative buildings—rather than the human capital of the sport.

We build colosseums but fail to train the gladiators.

The domestic structure remains a “spin trap.”

By producing “rank turners” to suit club politics, we have effectively de-skilled our batters against elite pace and rendered our spinners ineffective on the flat, true wickets required for international success.

The Leadership Deficit:

A Failure of Succession Planning

The crisis of leadership post-Sangakkara and Mahela is a byproduct of poor “Succession Science.”

Australia maintains a “Culture of Continuity,” backing leadership even through lean periods to ensure stability.

India employs a rigid “Succession Roadmap,” ensuring the next generation is integrated into the system long before the veterans depart.

In contrast, SLC operates on a “carousel of convenience,” changing captains and coaches to distract from administrative failures.

This lack of imaginative management stems from a low literacy in modern Sports Governance.

From a philosophical perspective, our established cricketing traditions have failed to absorb the antithesis of the modern, hyper-professionalized global game.

As a result, a truly modern Sri Lankan brand of cricket has failed to materialise.

Instead, we are trapped in what is called a “Static Synthesis,” where the administration clings to the glories of 1996 and 2014 as a shield against the necessity of change.

This is not a transition; it is a refusal to evolve

We are witnessing the alienation of the sport from its people, where the “Master” (the administration) has become detached from the “Slave” (the grassroots talent and the fans).

The Verdict:

A National Emergency

The “cancer” in Sri Lankan cricket is a trifecta of political interference, irrational management, and a refusal to embrace the Fourth Industrial Revolution (AI, VR, and Big Data).

As someone who contributed to the formation of the Sri Lankan Professional Cricketers’ Association, I see the current trajectory as a betrayal of the players’ potential and the nation’s heritage.

Sri Lanka Cricket does not need another “review committee” or a new coach to act as a human shield for the board.

It needs a “Bitter Pill”—an aggressive, independent restructuring that prioritises scientific professionalisation over cronyism.

Without this, our cricket will remain at the bottom of the well, looking up at a world that has moved light-years ahead.

Shiral Lakthilaka

LLB, LLM/MA
Attorney-at-Law
Former Advisor to H.E. the President of Sri Lanka
Former Member of the Western Provincial Council
Executive Committee member of the Asian Social Democratic Political Parities

Continue Reading

Trending