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Sri Lanka after IEEPA: Navigating tariffs in a volatile US trade environment

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The recent US Supreme Court ruling will reduce Sri Lanka’s overall tariff from about 31% to 21.6%, with apparel seeing nearly a 10point cut.

More Sri Lankan products now qualify for tariff exemptions, granting dutyfree access for an additional USD 65 million worth of exports.

The potential for additional tariff reductions via framework agreements with the US is limited since the existing agreements have produced only small tariff reductions.

The US Supreme Court struck down tariffs imposed under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) on 20 February 2026, creating uncertainty about future US tariff policies. The US used IEEPA to impose reciprocal tariffs on trade partners and additional fentanyl-related trade measures for Canada, China, and Mexico since 2025. At the time of the Supreme Court ruling, Sri Lanka’s reciprocal tariff rate was 20%. The US administration quickly invoked Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974 to maintain high tariffs. Section 122 allows a US president to address international payment issues.

Moving forward, Sri Lanka will face three different tariffs: namely, 1) 10% Section 122 tariff, 2) the Section 232 tariff, and 3) the Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariff. Notably, the Section 122 tariffs are only valid for 150 days, and the US has signalled that this rate will rise to 15%. Amid these developments, this article analyses how the US Supreme Court judgement affects tariffs faced by Sri Lanka, and Sri Lanka’s relative tariff position vis-à-vis competitors like Indonesia, Cambodia, and Bangladesh.

How has the tariff changed since “Liberation Day”?

The “Liberation Day” tariffs introduced in 2025 gradually raised Sri Lanka’s effective tariff rate in the US. By the end of December 2025, IEEPA and Section 232 tariffs were fully implemented, increasing the US effective tariff rate on Sri Lanka by 21% The effective tariff rate on wearing apparel products increased to 37.4% in December 2025 for Sri Lanka from 16.4% a year ago. Sri Lanka’s competitors in the US market also saw a similar tariff increase. India experienced a 49% tariff increase following the imposition of a 50% tariff).

Source: Author’s calculations using DataWeb, USITC

The tariff rise was not uniform due to exemptions and section tariffs, such as those on steel and aluminium. In November 2026, the US expanded these exemptions to include agricultural products. The notable beneficiary of this exception was Sri Lanka’s coconut oil exports. The effective tariff rate plummeted to the MFN level in November, resulting in a close-to-zero rate. In contrast, steel- and aluminium-related products saw a tariff increase of nearly 40 percentage points due to the Section 232 tariff, which was set at 50%.

Current US tariff regime: Comparative analysis

Even after rescinding the IEEPA tariffs, the Section 122 tariff system will remain complex as exemptions and sector-specific tariffs will continue for products such as steel, aluminium, copper, and auto parts. However, Sri Lanka’s exposure to these tariffs is limited, although they affect certain manufactured products.

The US will also continue to seek a sustainable legal basis for imposing higher tariffs, as indicated by various communications. The US-proposed Turnberry System uses tariff as a “formidable stick” to motivate compliance, because it lacks a formal dispute settlement mechanism. The ability to impose and maintain high tariffs is essential for the US to sustain the proposed system. Given that the Section 232 tariffs have withstood legal challenges, it is likely that additional tariffs will follow under this section. The United States Trade Representative also expressed the intention to initiate several Section 301 investigations. The Section 301 tariffs are designed to address “unfair” trade practices, a tool used in the China-US trade war in 2018.

Using the December 2025 export basket, the impact of the current US tariff regime can be estimated. The current Section 122 rate is 10% and it is applied on top of the base MFN rate. Products are exempt from the 10% tariff when Section 232 is applied. Under the Section 122 tariff regime, Sri Lanka’s effective tariff rate will fall to 21.6% from 31.0%. A similar reduction applies to Cambodia and Bangladesh. India’s effective rate will decline by 13.7 percentage points. As Section 122 and the reinstatement of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) are likely to take effect simultaneously, Kenya’s effective rate will fall to 9.2%, largely because MFN rates would no longer apply. If Section 122 rises to 15%, Kenya will see a tariff increase compared to the IEEPA and AGOA tariff regime.

The Section 122 tariff regime is less harmful to Sri Lanka for three reasons. Firstly, due to the reduction in tariff rates from higher levels under IEEPA. Secondly, it also reduces the tariff gap between Sri Lanka and countries with favourable tariff arrangements under the IEEPA regime. The tariff differential between countries like Kenya goes down. For example, the effective tariff rate for wearing apparel exported by Kenya was about 10% under the IEEPA and AGOA tariff regime, while Sri Lanka faced a 37% rate, creating a 27% tariff gap between the two countries. However, under Section 122, the differential will be about 17%. A similar differential reduction occurs against Canada and Mexico, which are part of the United States-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) free trade agreement. When other countries faced higher reciprocal tariffs, the USMCA preferential premium for Canada and Mexico was higher. The USMCA premium reduction may help countries like Sri Lanka, which export rubber products.

Thirdly, exemptions under Section 122 tariffs cover 546 additional products at the eight-digit level, when compared to the IEEPA exemptions. In 2025, Sri Lanka exported 1,233 unique eight-digit products to the US valued at USD 3,211.6 Mn. Among them, 84 product codes were in the IEEPA exemptions. Sri Lanka exported USD 262.1 Mn, or 8.2% of its total exports, under these exemptions in 2025. However, if the same basket is exported under Section 122, 162 products will be exempt from the Section 122 tariff. In 2025 values, these products were worth USD 327.2 Mn, or 10.2% of Sri Lanka’s exports. Accordingly, the Section 122 tariff regime gives free market access to additional USD 65.1 Mn worth of products. Sri Lanka gains zero additional tariffs on 80 products, including articles of vulcanised rubber, rubber bands, transformers, and engine testing equipment.

Policy options for Sri Lanka

Rapid shifts in US trade policy have left Sri Lanka with almost no feasible response. Sri Lanka’s competitors adopted “framework agreements” with the US to eliminate uncertainty. However, the current Section 122 exemptions cover almost all tariff concessions offered through these agreements. Thus, countries have no incentive to grant large concessions to the US, and signatories already demand clarity on the future of these deals.

Sri Lanka can similarly form a framework agreement with the US to secure tariff concessions. Even if such an agreement offers zero tariff concessions on all products listed in “Potential Tariff Adjustment for Aligned Partners,” Sri Lanka will only gain zero tariffs on 60 of its exports, including precious stones and activated carbon. Therefore, any reciprocal agreement should be carefully assessed for its costs and benefits.

by Dr Asanka Wijesinghe, Research Fellow, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka



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“RDB Drives Unprecedented Growth with Record Profits Fueling Expansion and Development Impact” 

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The Regional Development Bank (RDB) delivered an exceptional financial performance for the year ended 31 December 2025, recording an 86% year-on-year increase in Profit After Tax to LKR 2.37 billion. The Bank’s total income reached LKR 42.81 billion, driven by a 23.89% growth in Net Interest Income to LKR 24.23 billion, complemented by steady contributions from both interest and fee-based income streams. This performance highlights the Bank’s ability to optimise its asset base while sustaining a well-diversified and resilient revenue profile.

Marking its 40th anniversary in 2025, the Bank’s exemplary performance underscores the strength of its resilient operating model, disciplined execution, and its growing role as a catalyst for inclusive economic progress in Sri Lanka. Profitability metrics strengthened notably, with Return on Assets (ROA) improving to 1.70% and Return on Equity (ROE) increasing to 11.77%, demonstrating enhanced efficiency in capital deployment and earnings generation.

Commenting on the Bank’s performance, Chairman Lasantha Fernando stated,

“Our performance in 2025 reflects the strength of a purpose-driven banking model that successfully balances financial sustainability with national development priorities. As Sri Lanka progresses on its path to recovery, our commitment to enabling inclusive growth remains unwavering.”

The Bank continued to expand its development-focused lending portfolio, with loans and receivables growing by 23.59% to LKR 302.54 billion. This growth supported priority sectors including agriculture, SMEs, manufacturing, housing, and rural enterprises representing segments critical to national economic revitalisation. Importantly, this expansion was achieved alongside improved asset quality, with the Stage 3 impaired loans ratio declining to 4.06% from 6.25%, demonstrating robust credit risk management and effective recovery strategies.

Customer confidence remained strong, with deposits increasing by 11.85% to LKR 283.72 billion, driven by growth in both savings and fixed deposits. The Bank also maintained liquidity ratios well above regulatory thresholds, reinforcing its financial stability and resilience

Asanga Tennakoon General Manager/Chief Executive Officer, highlighted” last year’s results underscore the impact of disciplined execution, prudent risk management, and a strong customer-centric approach. Looking ahead, we will continue to expand our reach, strengthen digital capabilities, and deepen financial inclusion to create sustainable value for all stakeholders.”

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SLIC Life and SLIC General Create New Employment Opportunities

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New Trainee Insurance Assistants receiving their appointment letters from (L-R) Nalin Subasinghe (CEO of SLICLL), Nusith Kumaratunga (Chairman of SLIC) and Dr. Sameera Dharmasena (CEO of SLICGL

Sri Lanka Insurance Life Ltd (SLICLL) and Sri Lanka Insurance General Ltd (SLICGL) together appointed 112 Trainee Insurance Assistants, marking one of the largest recruitments across both companies in recent years.

Of the total intake, 87 candidates joined SLICGL while 25 candidates were appointed to SLICLL. This recruitment reflects the continued efforts of both companies to strengthen their workforce while contributing to employment opportunities.

The recruitment process was conducted through a structured and independent evaluation framework to ensure transparency and merit-based selection. Applications were invited from eligible candidates island-wide, followed by a written examination. Candidates who met the required benchmarks were shortlisted for interviews conducted by an independent panel, reinforcing fairness and credibility throughout the process.

The newly appointed Trainee Insurance Assistants represent a diverse and capable talent pool. Approximately 30% of the recruits are graduates, while all candidates possess the required academic qualifications, including G.C.E. Ordinary Level and Advanced Level certifications, or equivalent diplomas and higher qualifications.

This intake is aligned with the long-term focus of SLICLL and SLICGL on developing human capital and nurturing future-ready professionals within the insurance industry. The new recruits will have access to structured career growth opportunities, enabling them to build sustainable careers within the organisations. Efforts have also been made to assign employees to locations closest to their places of residence, subject to operational requirements, ensuring both efficiency and employee convenience.

Commenting on the appointments, Nusith Kumaratunga, Chairman of Sri Lanka Insurance stated, “The onboarding of this new group of Trainee Insurance Assistants reflected our continued focus on building strong and capable teams across both SLICLL and SLICGL. By maintaining a transparent and merit-based selection process, we remained committed to creating opportunities for talented individuals while strengthening the foundations for long-term organisational growth. This initiative also aligned with our broader role in supporting employment generation and contributing to the country’s economic progress.”

The official appointment ceremony was held on 7th April 2026 at the SLIC Head Office, in the presence of the Chairman and the Corporate Management of SLICLL and SLICGL, marking an important milestone in the organisations’ ongoing people development journey.

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99x Wins Five Awards at Best Management Practices Awards ‘26, Showcasing AI-led Transformation

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Team 99x winning the Overall Gold Award at the CPM Best Management Practices Awards 2026

99x, a leading global product engineering company, has secured five major accolades at the CPM Best Management Practices Awards 2026, including an Overall Gold Award, positioning the company among Sri Lanka’s top-performing organisations in management excellence. The company was also recognised as the Sector Winner for IT, Software & BPO Services, named among the Forty Outstanding Companies, and received the Best Management Practices Excellence Award. In addition, Hasith Yaggahavita, CEO of 99x, was honoured with the Leadership Excellence Award, acknowledging his role in driving the organisation’s AI-led transformation.

The recognition was awarded for 99x’s submission titled ‘Embracing AI: Rethinking Talent, Products & Services,’ which addressed one of the most pressing shifts facing the global technology services industry today. As AI continues to redefine how software is built and delivered, traditional outsourcing models are being challenged from reduced reliance on large engineering teams to a growing shift toward outcome-based delivery and faster go-to-market expectations.

Chatura De Silva, Chief AI Officer at 99x, stated, “Winning five awards at one stage is a proud moment for us as a team. While AI is driving change across the industry, what made this possible is how we chose to adapt to it. We recognised that AI is not just a layer on top of what we do, but that it changes the foundation of how value is created. This transformation was about connecting both our talent and delivery, while embedding AI across everything we do”.

Selected from over 150 award submissions, 99x was also among the top 10 organisations invited to present its journey at the CPM Management Insights Summit 2026, placing its transformation on a national stage among the country’s most forward-thinking enterprises. Chatura De Silva, Kalana Wijesekara, Chief Developer Experience Officer and Chrishan de Mel, Chief Marketing and Corporate Affairs Officer, presented 99x’s story.

Commenting on the significance of this year’s awards, Dilshan Arsakularathna, CEO of The Institute of Chartered Professional Managers of Sri Lanka, stated, “99x securing the Overall Gold Award among organisations across multiple industries reflects the level at which Sri Lanka’s IT sector is progressing today. It demonstrates how companies are building real capability and driving innovation that can confidently stand on a global stage. Notably, 99x has now become the first organisation to secure the Overall Gold Award twice across the five editions of the BMPC Awards. This remarkable achievement reflects their strong commitment to sustaining excellence and continuously embedding best management practices within their operations. What stood out with 99x was how they have adapted to change in a practical and forward-thinking manner, reshaping how they operate and deliver value, while setting a compelling benchmark for modern management practices.”

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