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A new blueprint for reptile conservation: Sri Lanka’s Agamid hotspots revealed

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Ceratophora Stoddartii (Nuwara Eliya)

A team of international and local scientists has unveiled the most comprehensive map yet of conservation hotspots for threatened agamid lizards in Sri Lanka, shedding light on overlooked habitats and underscoring the urgency to rethink conservation priorities on the island.

Led by scientist Iresha L. Wijerathne and colleagues, they combine cutting-edge ecological niche modeling with decades of field data to pinpoint critical habitats. It’s a scientific milestone that, according to researchers, should reshape how Sri Lanka’s unique reptilian biodiversity is protected — and how human-altered landscapes can be harnessed as unexpected sanctuaries.

The study’s focal species — 14 of Sri Lanka’s threatened agamid lizards — are evolutionary oddities, including horned lizards with elaborate snouts and dragons adapted to dense rainforest canopies. These species are not only endemic but also evolutionarily distinct, embodying millions of years of island biogeography.

“Agamid lizards are an ancient and fascinating group, and Sri Lanka is a global hotspot for their diversity,” says Suranjan Karunarathna, a co-author of the study and founder of the Nature Exploration & Education Team.

Speaking to The Island, he added:”Yet for too long, they’ve been overshadowed by more charismatic animals like elephants and leopards.”

Calotes desilvai (Morningside)

The team’s models highlighted three main regions as conservation epicenters: the Central Highlands (CH), the Rakwana Hills (RH), and the Knuckles Range (KN). Each area harbors a unique subset of threatened species, with the RH, in particular, emerging as a treasure trove of rare lizards such as the critically endangered Ceratophora erdeleni and Ceratophora karu.

What sets this study apart is its reliance on MaxEnt-based species distribution modeling, a sophisticated tool that predicts where species are likely to thrive based on environmental variables. “We used presence-only data from field observations and museum records, then combined them with climatic and topographic data,” explains lead author Iresha L. Wijerathne. “This gives us a detailed picture of habitat suitability, even in places we haven’t surveyed.”

Thilina Sursinghe, a conservation biologist at Bridgewater State University, says this modeling approach is crucial in biodiversity-rich but data-poor countries like Sri Lanka. “Traditional field surveys are important but can’t cover every forest or mountain,” he notes. “With SDMs, we can bridge that gap and identify conservation priorities at a landscape scale.”

The models revealed that many threatened agamid species are confined to the wet zone and montane forests — fragile ecosystems already grappling with logging, encroachment, and climate change. “These forests are biodiversity havens,” says Sursinghe. “But they’re also under relentless pressure.”

Ceratophora Erdeleni (Morningside)

Perhaps, the study’s most sobering revelation is the extent of conservation “gaps” — areas of high reptile diversity that lie outside legally protected zones. “Almost 40% of these crucial habitats are unprotected,” says Dr. Wijerathne. “This is a huge concern because these areas face the greatest threats from agriculture and urban development.”

For instance, in the Central Highlands and the Knuckles Range, large tracts of high-elevation forests — home to species like Calotes liocephalus and Cophotis dumbara — remain outside the safety net of national parks. “We’re talking about habitats that are absolutely essential for the survival of these species,” warns Dulan R. Vidanapathirana of the Herpetological Foundation of Sri Lanka, who co-validated the models.

Interestingly, the study also found that some threatened agamids have adapted to so-called “novel ecosystems” — secondary forests, regenerating plantations, and home gardens that retain key ecological features. “We’re seeing that some species are surprisingly resilient,” says Eben Goodale of Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, another co-author. “But we must remember that these are still suboptimal habitats, and long-term survival will depend on better management.”

Cophotis Dumbara (Knuckles)

The researchers argue that these human-modified landscapes shouldn’t be dismissed. “They’re not pristine, but they can still provide critical refuge if managed properly,” says Karunarathna. “In many cases, these ‘imperfect’ habitats are the only green spaces left.”

The implications of the study are clear: to save Sri Lanka’s unique reptiles, conservation must extend beyond the boundaries of national parks and reserves. “Protected areas are vital, but they’re often too small and fragmented,” says Wijerathne. “We need to embrace a landscape-scale approach that includes everything from forest patches to agroforests.”

One solution is to restore and connect fragmented habitats, creating corridors that allow species to move and adapt. “Connectivity is key,” says Sursinghe. “It can help isolated populations maintain genetic diversity and resilience.”

The team also emphasises community-based conservation as a way forward. “Local people are already managing these landscapes for their livelihoods,” notes Goodale. “If we can align conservation goals with local needs, we can create win-win scenarios.”

For the first time, the study provides a clear, spatially explicit blueprint for prioritizing conservation of agamid lizards. Each region and habitat patch has been ranked based on the number of threatened species present, their IUCN Red List status, and the overall area of occupancy.

“This isn’t just an academic exercise,” says Wijerathne. “It’s a tool for policymakers, land managers, and conservation groups. It shows where to focus limited resources for maximum impact.”

Climate Change: A Looming Threat

While habitat loss remains the most immediate danger, climate change looms as an existential threat for these reptiles. “We’re already seeing evidence of species shifting to higher elevations to escape rising temperatures,” says Karunarathna. “But there’s only so much ‘up’ they can go.”

Species with narrow ranges, like Ceratophora erdeleni, are particularly vulnerable. “If these micro-endemic species lose their microclimates, they could vanish within decades,” warns Dr. Sursinghe.

Based on their findings, the scientists have laid out a suite of urgent conservation actions:

Expand the protected area network to include identified agamid hotspots, especially in the Knuckles and Central Highlands.

Promote reforestation and habitat restoration in both protected and unprotected landscapes.

Encourage agroforestry practices that balance livelihoods with biodiversity conservation.

Integrate threatened reptiles into national biodiversity strategies, recognizing them as indicators of ecosystem health.

“We’re at a critical juncture,” says Wijerathne. “Sri Lanka has already lost so much of its original forest cover. If we don’t act now, we risk losing some of the island’s most extraordinary reptiles forever.”

The study’s message resonates far beyond Sri Lanka’s borders. “What’s happening here is part of a global pattern,” says Goodale. “Islands worldwide are hotspots for biodiversity and extinction risk. Sri Lanka can be a model for how to conserve these unique ecosystems.”

In the end, the fate of Sri Lanka’s agamid lizards — from the horned dragons of Rakwana to the montane specialists of Knuckles — will depend not only on protected areas but on a shared commitment to managing landscapes sustainably.

“These reptiles have been part of Sri Lanka’s natural heritage for millions of years,” reflects Karunarathna. “It’s up to us to ensure they’re part of our future as well.”

Calotes Pethiyagodai (Knuckles)

By Ifham Nizam



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US’ drastic aid cut to UN poses moral challenge to world

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An UN humanitarian mission in the Gaza. [File: Ashraf Amra/Anadolu Agency]

‘Adapt, shrink or die’ – thus runs the warning issued by the Trump administration to UN humanitarian agencies with brute insensitivity in the wake of its recent decision to drastically reduce to $2bn its humanitarian aid to the UN system. This is a substantial climb down from the $17bn the US usually provided to the UN for its humanitarian operations.

Considering that the US has hitherto been the UN’s biggest aid provider, it need hardly be said that the US decision would pose a daunting challenge to the UN’s humanitarian operations around the world. This would indeed mean that, among other things, people living in poverty and stifling material hardships, in particularly the Southern hemisphere, could dramatically increase. Coming on top of the US decision to bring to an end USAID operations, the poor of the world could be said to have been left to their devices as a consequence of these morally insensitive policy rethinks of the Trump administration.

Earlier, the UN had warned that it would be compelled to reduce its aid programs in the face of ‘the deepest funding cuts ever.’ In fact the UN is on record as requesting the world for $23bn for its 2026 aid operations.

If this UN appeal happens to go unheeded, the possibilities are that the UN would not be in a position to uphold the status it has hitherto held as the world’s foremost humanitarian aid provider. It would not be incorrect to state that a substantial part of the rationale for the UN’s existence could come in for questioning if its humanitarian identity is thus eroded.

Inherent in these developments is a challenge for those sections of the international community that wish to stand up and be counted as humanists and the ‘Conscience of the World.’ A responsibility is cast on them to not only keep the UN system going but to also ensure its increased efficiency as a humanitarian aid provider to particularly the poorest of the poor.

It is unfortunate that the US is increasingly opting for a position of international isolation. Such a policy position was adopted by it in the decades leading to World War Two and the consequences for the world as a result for this policy posture were most disquieting. For instance, it opened the door to the flourishing of dictatorial regimes in the West, such as that led by Adolph Hitler in Germany, which nearly paved the way for the subjugation of a good part of Europe by the Nazis.

If the US had not intervened militarily in the war on the side of the Allies, the West would have faced the distressing prospect of coming under the sway of the Nazis and as a result earned indefinite political and military repression. By entering World War Two the US helped to ward off these bleak outcomes and indeed helped the major democracies of Western Europe to hold their own and thrive against fascism and dictatorial rule.

Republican administrations in the US in particular have not proved the greatest defenders of democratic rule the world over, but by helping to keep the international power balance in favour of democracy and fundamental human rights they could keep under a tight leash fascism and linked anti-democratic forces even in contemporary times. Russia’s invasion and continued occupation of parts of Ukraine reminds us starkly that the democracy versus fascism battle is far from over.

Right now, the US needs to remain on the side of the rest of the West very firmly, lest fascism enjoys another unfettered lease of life through the absence of countervailing and substantial military and political power.

However, by reducing its financial support for the UN and backing away from sustaining its humanitarian programs the world over the US could be laying the ground work for an aggravation of poverty in the South in particular and its accompaniments, such as, political repression, runaway social discontent and anarchy.

What should not go unnoticed by the US is the fact that peace and social stability in the South and the flourishing of the same conditions in the global North are symbiotically linked, although not so apparent at first blush. For instance, if illegal migration from the South to the US is a major problem for the US today, it is because poor countries are not receiving development assistance from the UN system to the required degree. Such deprivation on the part of the South leads to aggravating social discontent in the latter and consequences such as illegal migratory movements from South to North.

Accordingly, it will be in the North’s best interests to ensure that the South is not deprived of sustained development assistance since the latter is an essential condition for social contentment and stable governance, which factors in turn would guard against the emergence of phenomena such as illegal migration.

Meanwhile, democratic sections of the rest of the world in particular need to consider it a matter of conscience to ensure the sustenance and flourishing of the UN system. To be sure, the UN system is considerably flawed but at present it could be called the most equitable and fair among international development organizations and the most far-flung one. Without it world poverty would have proved unmanageable along with the ills that come along with it.

Dehumanizing poverty is an indictment on humanity. It stands to reason that the world community should rally round the UN and ensure its survival lest the abomination which is poverty flourishes. In this undertaking the world needs to stand united. Ambiguities on this score could be self-defeating for the world community.

For example, all groupings of countries that could demonstrate economic muscle need to figure prominently in this initiative. One such grouping is BRICS. Inasmuch as the US and the West should shrug aside Realpolitik considerations in this enterprise, the same goes for organizations such as BRICS.

The arrival at the above international consensus would be greatly facilitated by stepped up dialogue among states on the continued importance of the UN system. Fresh efforts to speed-up UN reform would prove major catalysts in bringing about these positive changes as well. Also requiring to be shunned is the blind pursuit of narrow national interests.

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Egg white scene …

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Hi! Great to be back after my Christmas break.

Thought of starting this week with egg white.

Yes, eggs are brimming with nutrients beneficial for your overall health and wellness, but did you know that eggs, especially the whites, are excellent for your complexion?

OK, if you have no idea about how to use egg whites for your face, read on.

Egg White, Lemon, Honey:

Separate the yolk from the egg white and add about a teaspoon of freshly squeezed lemon juice and about one and a half teaspoons of organic honey. Whisk all the ingredients together until they are mixed well.

Apply this mixture to your face and allow it to rest for about 15 minutes before cleansing your face with a gentle face wash.

Don’t forget to apply your favourite moisturiser, after using this face mask, to help seal in all the goodness.

Egg White, Avocado:

In a clean mixing bowl, start by mashing the avocado, until it turns into a soft, lump-free paste, and then add the whites of one egg, a teaspoon of yoghurt and mix everything together until it looks like a creamy paste.

Apply this mixture all over your face and neck area, and leave it on for about 20 to 30 minutes before washing it off with cold water and a gentle face wash.

Egg White, Cucumber, Yoghurt:

In a bowl, add one egg white, one teaspoon each of yoghurt, fresh cucumber juice and organic honey. Mix all the ingredients together until it forms a thick paste.

Apply this paste all over your face and neck area and leave it on for at least 20 minutes and then gently rinse off this face mask with lukewarm water and immediately follow it up with a gentle and nourishing moisturiser.

Egg White, Aloe Vera, Castor Oil:

To the egg white, add about a teaspoon each of aloe vera gel and castor oil and then mix all the ingredients together and apply it all over your face and neck area in a thin, even layer.

Leave it on for about 20 minutes and wash it off with a gentle face wash and some cold water. Follow it up with your favourite moisturiser.

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Confusion cropping up with Ne-Yo in the spotlight

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Ne-Yo: His management should clarify the last-minute cancellation

Superlatives galore were used, especially on social media, to highlight R&B singer Ne-Yo’s trip to Sri Lanka: Global superstar Ne-Yo to perform live in Colombo this December; Ne-Yo concert puts Sri Lanka back on the global entertainment map; A global music sensation is coming to Sri Lanka … and there were lots more!

At an official press conference, held at a five-star venue, in Colombo, it was indicated that the gathering marked a defining moment for Sri Lanka’s entertainment industry as international R&B powerhouse and three-time Grammy Award winner Ne-Yo prepares to take the stage in Colombo this December.

What’s more, the occasion was graced by the presence of Sunil Kumara Gamage, Minister of Sports & Youth Affairs of Sri Lanka, and Professor Ruwan Ranasinghe, Deputy Minister of Tourism, alongside distinguished dignitaries, sponsors, and members of the media.

Shah Rukh Khan: Disappointed his fans in Sri Lanka

According to reports, the concert had received the official endorsement of the Sri Lanka Tourism Promotion Bureau, recognising it as a flagship initiative in developing the country’s concert economy by attracting fans, and media, from all over South Asia.

Nick Carter: His concert, too, was cancelled due to “Unforeseen circumstances

However, I had that strange feeling that this concert would not become a reality, keeping in mind what happened to Nick Carter’s Colombo concert – cancelled at the very last moment.

Carter issued a video message announcing he had to return to the USA due to “unforeseen circumstances” and a “family emergency”.

Though “unforeseen circumstances” was the official reason provided by Carter and the local organisers, there was speculation that low ticket sales may also have been a factor in the cancellation.

Well, “Unforeseen Circumstances” has cropped up again!

In a brief statement, via social media, the organisers of the Ne-Yo concert said the decision was taken due to “unforeseen circumstances and factors beyond their control.”

Ne-Yo, too, subsequently made an announcement, citing “Unforeseen circumstances.”

The public has a right to know what these “unforeseen circumstances” are, and who is to be blamed – the organisers or Ne-Yo!

Ne-Yo’s management certainly need to come out with the truth.

However, those who are aware of some of the happenings in the setup here put it down to poor ticket sales, mentioning that the tickets for the concert, and a meet-and-greet event, were exorbitantly high, considering that Ne-Yo is not a current mega star.

We also had a cancellation coming our way from Shah Rukh Khan, who was scheduled to visit Sri Lanka for the City of Dreams resort launch, and then this was received: “Unfortunately due to unforeseen personal reasons beyond his control, Mr. Khan is no longer able to attend.”

Referring to this kind of mess up, a leading showbiz personality said that it will only make people reluctant to buy their tickets, online.

“Tickets will go mostly at the gate and it will be very bad for the industry,” he added.

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