Features
Mrs. B in a dilemma about West Pakistan Pakistan aircraft refueling at Katunayake
How SL got entangled in Bangladesh liberation war
Excerpted from volume ii of Sarath Amunugama autobiograpy
Our next port of call was Bangladesh. This was perhaps the most interesting and fruitful of our efforts since Bangladesh was only a few years old as a ‘new nation’. It was called East Pakistan at the partitioning of British India in 1947. East Pakistan was carved out by the British from the old and famous Bengal Presidency. In fact at one stage greater Bengal with its distinctive Bengali language and culture could have qualified to be an independent state but neither the Hindus led by Nehru and Patel nor the Muslims led by Jinnah were in favour of a third state.
That was one of the few issues that both parties had agreed upon. The British too were not enamoured with the cantankerous Bengalis. Earlier the Viceroy, Lord Curzon, had attempted to partition Bengal but had been thwarted by Indian nationalists of all religions. Indeed the agitation against the partition of Bengal marks an important step in the early Indian resistance to the British. When the British cut up Bengal in 1947 both Hindu and Muslim leaders were unhappy but had to accept it as a ‘fait accompli’. Jinnah protested against the Award calling it a ‘moth eaten Pakistan’ but there was nothing he could do except to cede west Bengal to India even though old Bengal was a Muslim majority state. He had to be satisfied with a truncated Bengal and East Pakistan was born.
But the two wings of this geographical monstrosity had nothing in common except Islam which too was somewhat different in style in the two parts of the new state because Bengali Muslims were more syncretic and not fundamentalists like the Sindhis and Punjabis of West Pakistan. The two representatives of West and East Pakistan – Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Mujibur Rahman – were as different as chalk and cheese. Within a few years of independence the leader Jinnah died and the only remaining political linchpin was severed.
The Sindhis, and especially the Punjabis who dominated the Pakistani army, were contemptuous of the ‘weak and effeminate’ Bengalis. It was an unequal and unhappy marriage and if the departing British wanted to make sure that it was `apres moi le deluge’ (after me the deluge) they could hardly have done better. Matters came to a head when in a Parliamentary election Mujibur won all the seats in East Pakistan while Bhutto won most seats in the Western-sector. But Mujibur had a majority and an expectation that he would be made PM. Instead he was to be arrested in Rawalpindi.
Mujibur fled back to Dacca and in the light of army repression by a Pakistan General who was called ‘The Butcher of Dacca’ declared independence for Bangladesh with the tacit support if India, ever ready to give Pakistan a bloody nose. A brutal war erupted and India invaded Bangali territory and ensured the eviction of the Pakistan military from its soil. When I was Director of Information under Mrs. Bandaranaike, I was privy to her dilemma when Pakistan asked for refueling facilities in Katunayake for its warplanes carrying troops to Dacca.
India had banned Pakistani flights over her territory and Katunayake was the only alternative. At first Mrs. B prevaricated because of friendship with Mrs. Gandhi but the Foreign Office made her agree to granting landing rights, provided the soldiers were not in uniform. This was typical foreign office advice which ended up by alienating both sides. At the same time the foreign office was working overtime to make amends with the US. A meeting with President Nixon was arranged when Mrs. B arrived in America for the UN sessions.
I had a friend who was a Bengali, recruited to the Pakistan Foreign Service, who was serving in Colombo as the First Secretary when the `Mukti Bahini’ [Freedom Fighters] led by Indian troops were fighting the Pakistan army regulars. He disappeared one night and fled to Dacca to assist in the setting up of the nascent Bangladesh Foreign Service. I could always depend on his goodwill in my visits to Bangladesh when Santa Crusz and I came on a UN mission.
When our mission visited Dacca we found that the Government was barely functioning. It depended heavily on International financial support for its existence. The Pakistan army had wreaked havoc on a populace who only a few months ago were their compatriots. They had mercilessly hunted down and killed Bengali intellectuals. The University of Dacca became a prison camp. The most important foreigner in Bangladesh was an American national who was the head of the UNDP in Dacca and our immediate contact in the country.
His first challenge was to find a hotel for us. Santa Crusz was quite choosy and was unhappy when we were put up in a small hotel with only basic amenities. It was the best hotel in Dacca during the Pakistani period. This problem was clear to us when the new Ministers who were asked for their priorities in reconstruction requested the construction of a five star hotel in the heart of the city. When queried about this odd request in the face of many urgent interventions required, they replied in a matter of fact way that without a big hotel donors would not come to Bangladesh and thereby a lot of foreign assistance would be missed.
It was a sad but true commentary on international financial assistance. Sure enough on my later visits to Bangladesh I found a new five star Hotel – Sonargoan – that had been constructed by a Japanese entrepreneur. Later it became the Dacca Intercontinental. Today Dacca boasts of several five star hotels. Though poor at the start, Bangladesh developed a vibrant newspaper culture in keeping with its Bengali origins. I had friends among newspapermen there including SM Ali (the student leader who became a well-known editor and later my colleague at UNESCO) and Amanullah Khan. I also had a good friend in Amanullah’s brother Obaidullah Khan who was in a training course with me in Malaysia when he was a member of the Pakistani Civil Service.
He defected to his homeland Bangladesh and later became the Minister of Agriculture. From there he became the Bangladeshi Ambassador to Washington before his premature death. We were received with open arms in Dacca because the UNDP was all powerful at that time. American foreign aid was channeled through the UNDP and our project was most welcome. We were told that a big problem at that time was the inability to prepare suitable project proposals and UN input in this sphere was vital.
Today Bangladesh is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. I moved closely with the Bangladeshis and found that they had made good use of their abundant manpower resources to spur spectacular growth in foreign employment and the garment industry. Though Bangladesh still has serious problems it has steadily graduated from being called ‘The basket case of Asia’ to one of the South Asia’s Economic tigers. Bangladesh was fortunate in having a professional – Muhith – as its Finance Minister.
He had earlier worked for the World Bank and was able to steer the economy onto a growth path. He was able to weather political storms and win the confidence of the PM Sheikh Hasina. On the other hand, another economist Yunus fell into trouble. When I was with World View Foundation and UNESCO, I assisted Professor Mohammed Yunus of Chittagong University to publicize his experiments with small scale credit among village women entrepreneurs which drew worldwide attention.
Yunus won the Nobel Prize for Economics and was feted in the White House. From there he was thought of as a possible Presidential nominee which drew on his head the hatred of the political establishment which could be vicious when it came to its own political interests. He was removed from the Presidentship of the Grameen Bank that he created and driven into the political wilderness. I was told that but for the personal intervention of Bill and Hillary Clinton who were his friends Yunus would have been imprisoned or even killed. I visited Dhaka many times subsequently but could not find his whereabouts. He became a non-person in Bangladesh.
Fiji
During our Asian tour Santa Crusz, who was an old man and not so familiar with our cuisine fell ill, and had to return to New York. Since our itinerary had already been finalized we decided that I should proceed alone. It became a memorable journey I flew to Sydney and found that I had been booked on an Air Pacific plane which was a small aircraft carrying mail to the South Pacific islands. This meant that we would be island hopping on the way to Fiji taking double the time of a direct flight. I was not happy about this but there was nothing I could do if I had to stick to our pre-planned schedule. In fact it turned out to be a delightful ride because of the spectacular azure sea over which we traveled and the many small islands which were visible from on high.
We broke journey in Bouganville, Noumia and Samoa. The island of Bouganville was earlier a French colony and later when I lived in Paris I met several senior officials who had served there. French politicians and officials knew of Sri Lanka because the French airline UTA which flew regularly to Colombo in the 1970-1990 period would fly on to Bouganville. UTA Representatives who lived in Colombo like Daniel Lafevre were our close friends in Paris and were immensely helpful to Sri Lankans living there.
Finally I landed in Fiji but was told that from there I had to take a smaller Fokker Friendship plane to the capital Suva. I have a love for islands and my travels in sea girt Fiji was a wonderful new experience. Earlier as a civil servant I had spent several months in Honolulu at the East-West Centre which was my introduction to the Pacific islands. There were several Sri Lankans in Hawaii then, including ‘Babu’ Wickremaratne, Colin de Silva and Renton de Alwis (who was then a post graduate student at the University of Hawaii). We spent many late evenings on the beach at Waikiki drinking beer and participating in cook outs and barbeques.
Closer home with my family members I have been to the Maldives and its pristine beaches in the outer islands. My special interest in Fiji was in the University of the South Pacific which was using telecommunications for distance learning in the different islands that were linked to the University. We recommended the use of the same telecom network for the dissemination of information on agriculture and fisheries. In the islands we recommended to UNDP to link the promotion of fisheries to that of agriculture envisaged in the DIN project.
In Fiji too there were several Sri Lankans particularly accountants and lawyers. The Fiji judiciary had several of our countrymen who were on leave from their positions in Sri Lanka. Among other professionals was Ranjit Amerasinghe, my hallmate from Peradeniya, who was an expert on insurance and law. We spent some delightful evenings together reminiscing about our days in the University. Ranjit later came back and became a senior judge of our Supreme court.
Coming back I insisted on a direct flight to Sydney and then to Colombo via Singapore. Santa Crusz and I met again in New York and presented our report to the UNDP senior officers and finished our assignment. It was circulated as a UNDP contribution to the ongoing discourse on the New Information Order.
Features
Combining local resources,traditional knowledge and science to build a food-secure Sri Lanka
World Food Day 2026: Innovating today for a better food future
by Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara
What will be on the Sri Lankan dinner table ten years from now? Will our children be able to get nutritious food at a price their families can afford? Will farmers be able to grow enough despite changing weather and rising costs? And how much of the food we produce will actually reach the consumer, instead of being lost or wasted along the way?
These questions can’t wait. A farmer faces unpredictable weather. A family faces rising food costs. Fruit goes unsold after a good harvest. Some children do not get enough nutrition. The future of food is tied to the future of Sri Lanka itself.
World Food Day 2026 is a chance to look beyond the immediate problems and ask whether we can build a food system that feeds our people well, gives farmers better opportunities, protects the environment and makes better use of what we already have. The answer can be yes, but we will have to think differently.
We are not starting from zero. Sri Lanka has diverse crops, fisheries, traditional food knowledge, indigenous varieties, research institutions, universities and a young generation able to create new solutions. What we need is to bring these together and act. Producing more will not secure our food future on its own. It will depend on how intelligently we produce, process, preserve, distribute and consume food.
Making more of what we already have
Innovation does not always mean inventing something new. Often it means finding better uses for the resources we have.
Sri Lanka grows traditional rice varieties, kurakkan, green gram, cowpea, jackfruit, breadfruit, cassava, sweet potato, coconut and palmyrah. All of them have great potential for modern, nutritious, value-added foods. Jackfruit and breadfruit can be made into flour and other convenient products. Traditional rice varieties can go into new foods that suit changing consumer needs. Palmyrah, with its strong cultural heritage, can create new income through better processing, packaging, quality assurance and market development.
The aim is to connect our traditional food knowledge with modern consumer needs and technology, while keeping our food heritage.
Stop wasting the food we produce
Reducing food loss and waste should be a major priority. Seasonal fruits such as mango, banana, papaya and pineapple can be lost in large quantities when production exceeds demand or when storage, transport and processing facilities are inadequate. With suitable technology, these fruits can become dried products, pulps, powders, beverages and other shelf-stable foods.
Agricultural and fisheries by-products are resources too. They could be turned into food ingredients, animal feed, bio-based products and other useful materials, which would move us toward a more circular food economy.
Technology alone is not enough. We need stronger local processing facilities, cold storage, efficient transport, collection centres and market information systems, especially close to where food is produced. Cutting food loss raises the value of what our farmers and fishers already produce.
Nutrition and food safety come first
Food security means more than having enough food. People also need food that is safe and nutritious.
Sri Lanka can develop affordable, nutritious foods from local pulses, grains, vegetables, fruits and fish. Children and other vulnerable groups should get particular attention. Schoolchildren in particular deserve a focus: safe, nutritious, locally sourced products for school feeding programs would support child nutrition, local farmers and domestic food industries at the same time.
Food safety must stay at the centre of food innovation. Good hygiene, quality control, laboratory testing, traceability and appropriate food safety systems are what make new products safe as well as attractive and nutritious.
A food system that can cope with climate change
Climate change is already affecting agricultural production, water availability, crop yields and food prices. We need food systems that can handle changing conditions. That means climate-resilient crops, efficient water use, soil and water conservation, better storage and resource-efficient food processing.
Traditional knowledge matters here. Generations of Sri Lankan farmers have developed practices suited to local climates and ecosystems. Combining that experience with modern science can give us solutions that fit local conditions and are sustainable. Technology alone will not build the future of food. Science, experience and local knowledge together can.
Give young people a bigger role
Sri Lanka’s universities have an important part to play in shaping our food future. Young people should be encouraged to identify real problems in the food system and work on practical solutions in areas such as food waste, sustainable packaging, nutrition, food safety, modernising traditional foods and digital technologies.
A good research project should not always end as a research paper. Where appropriate, research should be supported to move on to products, technologies, enterprises and community solutions. That needs stronger partnerships between universities and industry, along with mentoring, research funding, business support and market connections. If young researchers and entrepreneurs can turn their ideas into viable food innovations, both consumers and producers will benefit.
A pathway designed for Sri Lanka
We do not need to copy food-system models from other countries. We can build a pathway that suits our own resources, culture and needs. It would bring together local resources, traditional knowledge, scientific research, appropriate technology and entrepreneurship, with farmers, fishers, universities, research institutions, food industries, entrepreneurs and policymakers working side by side.
The goal goes beyond selling raw materials. We need to create more value, reduce waste, improve nutrition, generate jobs and strengthen rural livelihoods. This matters especially for small and medium-scale food enterprises, which can drive local economic development when they get the right technical, financial and market support.
The choices we make today
The food future will not create itself. It will be shaped by what we grow, what we research, what we process, what we consume and what we choose not to waste.
So, the question for World Food Day 2026 is this: what can we do today so that every Sri Lankan has safe, nutritious, affordable and sustainable food tomorrow?
The answers are already around us, in our farms, fisheries, food businesses, universities, laboratories and communities. We have the resources, the traditional knowledge, the scientific expertise and talented young people. What we need now is to connect them and act.
A better food future begins with the choices we make today.
Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara
Senior Lecturer, Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ruhuna
Features
20th Anniversary of Digampathana blast – the day Sri Lanka Navy cried
By Admiral Ravindra C Wijegunaratne
WV, RWP and Bar, RSP, VSV, USP, NI (M) (Pakistan), ndc, psn, Bsc
(Hons) (War Studies) (Karachi) MPhil (Madras)
Former Navy Commander and Former Chief of Defence Staff
Former Chairman, Trincomalee Petroleum Terminals Ltd
Former Managing Director Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
Former High Commissioner to Pakistan
The Digampathana suicide truck attack on 16th October 2006 remains the deadliest single strike in Sri Lanka Navy history, leaving scars that time cannot erase.
It was a seemingly ordinary Monday morning on 16 October 2006, but the calm of that day would soon be shattered in a way none of us could have imagined. As the Commandant of the Naval and Maritime Academy and Flag Officer Commanding Naval Fleet at Trincomalee, I was aware that a number of my cadets were travelling that morning, part of a convoy of fifteen buses carrying naval personnel from Trincomalee, Colombo, and other bases, heading toward Dambulla to rendezvous with another group. The convoy also included trucks and escort vehicles, a routine movement planned and coordinated with the army to ensure the roads were clear. The morning started quietly. Some personnel greeted friends, handed over their weapons, or strolled to a nearby tea shop. It all seemed so ordinary—too ordinary for what would come next.

Sri Lanka Navy sunk LTTE Ships carrying arms, ammunition and warlike materials thousand miles away from Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean in September and October 2007.
By late morning, both convoys had reached the small ground at Digampathana, near the Sigiriya junction, and personnel mingled briefly, unaware that a carefully orchestrated act of terror was waiting. Then, suddenly, an empty half-truck veered directly into the convoy. It exploded with a ferocity I can still recall as if it were yesterday. Nuts, bolts, and high explosives tore through the air. Pandemonium erupted instantly. I later learned that 107 of our naval personnel were killed on the spot and another 153 critically injured. The scene was indescribable—bodies scattered, vehicles mangled, personal effects strewn across the ground. I remember later hearing that the head of the suicide bomber was recovered more than 100 meters away from the blast, a grim testament to the sheer force of the explosion.
I was in my office at the Naval and Maritime Academy when my mobile phone rang. A young midshipman from the 21st intake called, his voice trembling: “Sir, there was a huge explosion at the convoy point! Many are dead … my batch mate Wijesundara is among them.” I immediately jumped into my jeep with my escort Chief Petty Officer and driver and rushed to Digampathana, relying on every ounce of my driving skill to reach the scene. The journey, which usually took little more than an hour, felt endless that day, each passing mile weighed down by dread.
When I arrived, I was confronted with a sight that no training can prepare you for. The injured were being rushed to Dambulla Hospital, where doctors and nurses worked tirelessly, improvising in ways that saved lives despite the overwhelming chaos. I went back to the site after visiting the hospital. The remains of our naval personnel were scattered across the ground, and someone had begun collecting weapons and protective gear. I immediately contacted Surgeon Rear Admiral Nico Jayasekara and received his instructions: collect all body parts in separate bags and transport them to the Trincomalee Naval Hospital mortuary. This gruesome work had to be done with care and dignity, and it filled the icebox in my vehicle. Through DNA testing initiated by Rear Admiral Nico, we were able to identify every naval personnel lost that day, bringing some closure to grieving families.
The Navy Commander at the time, Vice Admiral Wasantha Karannagoda, was devastated. I had worked closely with him and knew how deeply he cared for his men. He ensured that the fallen were honoured with full ceremonial naval funerals at Welisara Naval Base, attended by families and comrades. Sixty-seven funerals were conducted in a single day—a number that still haunts me.
The Digampathana attack remains the largest single loss of naval life in our history. It was a day of sorrow, but also a day that reinforced our resolve. The tragedy galvanized the Navy to target the LTTE Sea Tiger wing with renewed determination and reshaped our maritime operations forever. Every time I think of that day, I remember not just the lives lost, but the courage, professionalism, and dedication of those who survived, those who treated the injured, and those who ensured the fallen were honored properly. May the souls of our naval hero’s rest in peace, their sacrifice guiding us and inspiring generations of naval personnel to come.
Features
‘Murder at Whitby Abbey’
Tales of Mystery and Suspense – 24
I was intrigued by the title of a book I found in a book drop at the condominium of a friend, Murder at Whitby Abbey, and I brought it home with me though I will not be able to return it in the near future. It was described on the cover page as ‘a standout in the crowded medieval mystery field’, though I fear I do not know of other books in this field, apart from the Cadfael series, which I have dealt with earlier.
The book, by Cassandra Clark, is set during the reign of Richard II and has as a backdrop his precarious position, which led to his being replaced, and murdered, by his cousin Henry, who reigned as Henry IV. It is a gloomy book, the action taking place in the twelve days of Christmas leading up to the Epiphany. And the gloom is pervasive, even though this is supposed to be a time of festivity, with mummers performing, and many of those in the guest house where the heroine stays going to town to enjoy themselves, with much drinking and much music, which also fills the guesthouse.
The heroine Hildegarde is a nun, sent to try to acquire a relic being sold by Whitby Abbey, though this was also a penance set by the Abbot of the monastery that governed her abbess because she had had sex with a man. Soon after she and her companions reach the Abbey set high on a cliff, she finds that there are other bidders, and soon suspects that the hierarchy, not perhaps the Abbot who seems a weakling, but his rapacious bursar, is determined to make money, and not above creating false relics to sell to several aspirants.
After Hildegarde and her Cistercian companions – Whitby is a Benedictine Foundation – two monks, Gregory and Egbert, and a young priest Mark, reach the abbey, they find that Aelwyn, a monk they had met on their way to the guesthouse had died. This was in the apple store, and they realize, when they find the surplices of novices stuffed into the air vents, that he had been left to suffocate in the overwhelming scent of apples.
The Cistercians are asked to look into the death, perhaps because they are likely to get no cooperation from the Abbey folk, but perhaps because those in charge are keen to know what happened. And the infirmarer, an old monk, suggests Hildegarde talk to a man called Edred who worked for the bursar, and had been a friend of Aelwyn’s. But Edred too is killed, before he can keep an appointment he had made with Hildegarde, drowned in a pool near the farmhouse of the Abbey.
Meanwhile tensions arise between the fisherfolk and the abbey for the bursar wants to charge them for using the beach that technically belongs to the abbey to dry their fish and their nets. This leads to physical battles, when the guards used by the abbey, under the command it seems of the bursar whose determination to make money is not resisted by the abbot and the prior, try to storm the area where the fishermen live.
Hildegard finds out more about what had happened through two youngsters, one of whom Torold is the son of Aelwyn by a woman who worked as a prostitute for a cartel, and with whom Mark fell in love. The other works on the farm and had seen Edred meet someone near the pool, after which that someone left the place by himself. And the boy had also found in the pool a sort of dagger with the seal of the abbey.
He and his dog, and Torold who follows her, rescue Hildegarde from a man at arms who has waylaid her and tries to rape her earlier. Escaping into the abbey she was nearly been raped then by the bursar, but she managed to escape, in the process setting fire to him and the muniments room, which led, when he was rescued, to the discovery of a box with the money he said had been stolen, blame being cast on both Aelwyn and Edred.
Matters come to a head when the fisherfolk try to storm the abbey, being resisted by the men at arms stationed on the towers. But then Hildegarde realizes that behind the murders was the bursar’s clerk, whom she pursued to the cathedral. There is great drama then as she escapes from him when he tries to kill her, and then from the man at arms who had tried to both rape and kill her, but they both fall from the scaffolding she had climbed, the latter coming from a tower where he had been stationed.
Both of them think they run the rapacity of the abbey, the latter claiming to work for the nobles opposed to Richard, who is presented throughout the book as devoted to his subjects, not to power or money. But though the villains die, the bursar continues, having got over the hysteria the fire had caused and his acknowledgment then of guilt – and though the abbot and the prior seem less vicious, whether they will be able to assert themselves is questionable.
Before the climax, when the others in the guesthouse were leaving, Hildegarde found that two of them were in possession of the relic, for which they seem to have paid well. Hildegarde herself had made a derisory offer, but before she leaves the abbot gives her the relic, perhaps in gratitude for what she and her fellow Cistercians had discovered, the abbey having made as much money as it needed and more from the gullible other buyers.
Mark’s inamorata is saved from the stews because she moves in with Edred’s widow whom the bursar had thrown out of the rooms he occupied when her husband was found dead. Hildegarde had paid for lodgings, in a house run by the man who ran the brothels, but he had a kindly side and was going to finance them to make nets for the fishermen.
So, the Cistercians set off for their home as swiftly as they can to get there on the day of the Epiphany, having stopped en route to pray for King Richard whose birthday it was.
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