Business
Reopening schools in the New Normal: Key focus areas for Sri Lanka
The decision to gradually reopen Sri Lankan schools – which have been shut for close to 20 months since COVID-19 first struck – is a welcome move. As of September 2021, 93% of countries had reopened schools either completely or partially, making Sri Lanka one of the last to do so. Previous IPS blogs have pointed to multiple access and quality issues facing the country’s distance education efforts, calling for the establishment of a comprehensive education recovery strategy for the future. The accompanying decision to devote the next six months from November 2021-April 2022 to recovering learning losses, giving precedence to essential syllabus areas and decision-making flexibility to schools, is encouraging news, in this context. This blog provides some insights into the current education recovery practices being adopted globally and draws attention to some important areas that can be incorporated into the current strategies being devised in Sri Lanka.
Monitoring and Preventing School Dropouts
According to a joint UNESCO-UNICEF-World Bank Survey of 143 countries conducted between February – June 2021, only half, and less than a third, of developed and developing countries, respectively, reported that all primary and secondary students returned to schools when reopened. Common methods used to identify and prevent dropouts include school-based tracking mechanisms, financial incentives (cash, food, or transport), waived fees, community engagement programmes, and revised access policies. Brazil’s School Active Search system, for example, brings together local government agencies in education, health, social assistance and planning, to identify, register, and monitor out-of-school children and those at risk of dropping out.
Measuring Learning Losses
Measuring learning loss is an essential first step in mitigating its consequences. According to the joint survey, 58% of countries reported having conducted formative assessments to measure learning loss, while only one-third relied on standardised assessments. Existing research also points to the relative importance of formative assessments to estimate learning losses, as opposed to standardised testing which is more effective in the long-term. Formative assessments are geared towards informing in-process teaching and learning modifications, and include tools such as quizzes, journal entries, essays, and works of art. The focus is largely on remediation interventions and/or re-teaching content from the previous year, foundational skills, and adapting instruction to the level of each student.
Adjusting and Prioritising Curricula
To help students catch up once they return to school, 42% of countries surveyed reported prioritisation of certain areas of the curriculum or certain skills. The most likely areas or skills to be targetted include foundational skills in numeracy, literacy, and socio-emotional resilience. In terms of specific country examples, in Odisha State, India, the Central Board of Secondary Education has reduced the syllabi by 30%, to allow students to focus on a few subjects and learn these well. Bangladesh’s education recovery programme includes a condensed syllabus for the next two years, focussing on important subjects such as mathematics, Bengali, English, and science.
High-Stake Examinations
According to the joint survey, countries introduced several changes to exams, such as adjusting content, changing the number of subjects examined or questions asked, and mode of administration. Cancellation of examinations were limited to high- and upper-middle income countries, ranging from a share of 30% in primary grades to 18% in upper secondary education.
Immediate Focus Areas for Sri Lanka
Although somewhat late, it is encouraging to note that some of these worldwide practices are currently being considered in Sri Lanka too. Along with more concrete details and clearer strategies for implementation, Sri Lanka’s education authorities should focus on the following to minimise further learning loss and safeguard student welfare:
Ensure all children return to school
While boasting commendable enrolment rates at the primary and lower secondary levels, student dropouts at higher education levels is a longstanding problem in Sri Lanka. Post-pandemic dropout rates are likely to be considerably higher, particularly in remote and marginalised areas. It is thus essential that immediate data collection and monitoring is undertaken to initiate action and bring back all students to schools. The country’s well-established decentralised education administration system can facilitate coordination among zonal and divisional education authorities and Grama Niladhari divisions to collect data and work closely with parents and communities, in this regard.
Provide general guidance on curricula adjustments and measuring learning losses, while maintaining flexibility
The intention to focus on revised curricula targets over the next few months and to provide principals and teachers with flexibility in deciding how to cover curricula are welcome moves, given the multiple social, economic, and emotional impacts undergone by children during the pandemic, to significantly varying degrees. Such adjustments, however, need to be based on the extent and nature of learning losses experienced by students, for which conducing formative assessments is key. It is thus best that this flexibility is balanced with some general guidance on essential learning competencies for students around which curricula adjustments can be made, and benchmark diagnostic tests and guidance for teachers to assess student learning, especially in switching from formal to formative type of assessments.
The Ministry of Education should conduct careful evaluations on the timing of and the content to be tested at highly competitive national examinations and establish a new examination policy which is clearly communicated to teachers and students, leaving no room for ad-hoc changes. For instance, given the directive to focus on priority areas of the curricula in the next six-month period, the examinations should also be adapted accordingly. Some options include limiting the grade five scholarship examination to an intelligence test, replacing examinations from grades six to nine with diagnostic tests, and limiting the G.C.E. O-Levels to core subjects.
Link to blog: https://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/2021/11/10/reopening-schools-in-the-new-normal-key-focus-areas-for-sri-lanka/
Ashani Abayasekara is a Research Economist at the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS) with research interests in labour economics, economics of education, development economics, and microeconometrics. She holds a BA in Economics with First Class Honours from the University of Peradeniya and a Masters in International and Development Economics from the Australian National University. (Talk with Ashani – ashani@ips.lk).
Usha is a Research Assistant currently working on Health, Labour and Education Policy at IPS. She holds a BA in Economics with First Class Honours from the University of Colombo. (Talk with Usha – usha@ips.lk).
Business
M/s Premier Energies Ltd gets contract to install rooftop solar power generation at religious places
The Cabinet of Ministers approved the proposal presented by the Minister of Power and Energy to award the procurement for the implementation of Rooftop Solar Power Generation Project at religious places to M/s Premier Energies Ltd for a contract price of US$ 17 million.
On 08.01.2024, the Cabinet of Ministers approved the implementation of the Rooftop Solar Power Generation Project subject to a limit of 17 million US dollars under the 1000 million US dollars loan facility provided by the State Bank of India.
Accordingly, bids were invited to select a suitable institution for the implementation of the project and six bids were received. Considering the recommendations made by the Procurement Appellate Board regarding the recommendation made by the Technical Appraisal Committee and the Standing Procurement Committee appointed by the Cabinet, M/s Premier Energies Ltd was selected.
Business
Sri Lanka could benefit from global trend towards EV use – IPS study
By Ifham Nizam
The latest publication of the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS), `Trade Wars in Electric Vehicle Supply Chains: A Win for Sri Lanka’s Graphite Industry?” indicates that Sri Lanka is poised to benefit from the global trend towards electric vehicles (EVs). Sri Lanka stands to gain by leveraging its top-quality vein graphite, crucial for EV battery manufacturing, the publication says.
Sri Lanka, renowned for its high-quality vein graphite, is poised to benefit from the increasing demand for “non-China origin” graphite, driven by the global push towards electro mobility and the US Green Industrial Policy.
The IPS publication brought out by IPS researchers, Dr Asanka Wijesinghe, Malisha Weerasinghe and Chaya Dissanayake, explores the potential for Sri Lanka to join the supply chain for Electric Vehicle (EV) battery manufacturing.
Speaking at a seminar recently at the IPS, Colombo 7, IPS Research Fellow, Dr. Asanka Wijesinghe said that Sri Lanka’s commitment to sustainability and quality standards places it strategically in the non-China graphite export market, boosted by US industrial policies favouring domestic assembly and non-China sources.
Wijesinghe said that their new study highlights Sri Lanka’s opportunity to become part of the EV battery supply chain.
The study suggests that Sri Lanka could focus on upstream activities, including exporting battery-grade graphite and anodes, and strengthen Research & Development to enhance its strategic position in the non-China graphite export sector, thus attracting investment and ensuring sustainability.
Responding to The Island Financial Review on the possibility of a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US, Wijesinghe believes that a comprehensive FTA may be challenging but a limited one, in the style of the Japan-US Mineral Free Trade Agreement, will be beneficial to Sri Lanka.
“Sri Lanka will have to navigate the complex geopolitical landscape in finalizing such an agreement. On the upside, such an agreement helps value addition to Sri Lanka’s graphite within the country and via export to the US under the subsidy program proposed by the US, he added.
Dr. Wijesinghe also said that US’s strategic move to adopt a proactive green industrial policy, driven by the imperative to achieve net-zero emissions and national security concerns, presents fresh opportunities for graphite producers outside China. The recently enforced Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) plays a pivotal role in reshaping the global EV battery supply value chain by excluding China and promoting domestic assembly and manufacturing of EV components.
Key findings from the IPS study reveal that as a result of these developments, the demand for graphite, a critical component of Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs), is set to surge. “Non-China” graphite exporters, including Madagascar, Mozambique and particularly Sri Lanka, are positioned to benefit from the re-alignment of the supply chain.
The study also focuses that the Partial Equilibrium modeling results indicate that Sri Lanka holds a strategic advantage in the emerging market. Sri Lanka’s vein graphite, known for its purity, flawless crystal structure, and strong electrical conductivity, stands out as an ideal choice for the growing global demand.
Wijesinghe also stressed that despite facing challenges in terms of cost competitiveness, Sri Lanka’s focus on sustainable practices, minimal environmental impact, and compliance with acceptable labour standards positions it as a key player in the evolving landscape of “non-China” graphite exports.
“Additionally, Sri Lanka possesses a comparative advantage in graphite production and benefits from an established mining sector with an existing consumer base. Increased demand will party help Sri Lanka by increasing the world market price of graphite in the future. However, the productivity of the mining sector needs to be increased to lower the unit cost, to benefit from the emerging global opportunities,” he added.
Business
Minimum room rate policy ‘killing hotel industry’
By Hiran H.Senewiratne
Policy inconsistency for Sri Lanka’s tourism sector pulls the industry into jeopardy and the new laws that impose a minimum room rate on Colombo City hotels, could make Sri Lanka lose the competitive edge among other countries in the region, a top travel and tourism expert Chandana Amaradasa said.
‘The imposing of a minimum room rate on Colombo City hotels is actually killing the industry, resulting in the industry losing the competitive edge among hotels in the region. Room rates, accordingly, could henceforth rise to between 80 percent and 100 percent even in low standard city hotels in Colombo as well, Amaradasa said.
‘The minimum room rate in Colombo city hotels is currently a bit high with the new law on a minimum charge rate for Colombo City hotels coming into effect and it would affect the industry because all the city hotel standards are not the same. On top of that, to attract high- end tourists into the country Sri Lanka does not have world call events, Amaradasa told The Island Financial Review.
Amaradasa added: ‘All hotels in Colombo have a massive supply chain and with the loss of business/occupancy rates the entire economy will be affected and so far two major MICE tourism events that were scheduled to be held in Sri Lanka have shifted to Thailand.
‘The tourism industry is just picking- up and this type of move is detrimental to the entire sector because these room rates are normally determined by demand and supply and not by gazette notifications.
‘At present, Colombo five star hotels are mainly patronized by Indian tourists, corporate clients and MICE tourists. This will not only impact hotel revenue but the outside supply chain as well. Nowhere in the world is the tourism industry regulated in this manner and this would enable our competitors, such as Vietnam and Thailand, to attract tourists.
‘As a long term consequence, some of the airlines could also pull out of Sri Lanka and hotels will halt recruiting new staff and training them with the limiting of their revenue sources.
‘At present many experienced/quality hotel sector employees have left the country. Once this law comes into play most city hotels will suffer. Therefore, existing hotel sector employees in every category will go for greener pastures.’
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