Features
Matters COPE overlooked
Norochcholai coal-fired power plant probe:
By Dr Janaka Ratnasiri
The Chairman of the Committee on Public Enterprises (COPE) has said at a meeting of COPE, held on Tuesday, (24th) in Parliament, that the entire country is affected by the Norochcholai coal power plant (CPP). This was reported in several print media, including The Island of 26.11.2020. He has further said that the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) must also be involved in assessing its impacts as issues created by the power plant, for example air pollution, has an impact on the entire country, without leaving it in the hands of the Environmental Authority of the Provincial Council of the North Western Province (NWP) alone.
FLY ASH FROM COAL POWER PLANTS
The three CPPs at Norochcholai were burning a little over 2 Mt of coal, annually, during 2016 – 2019, as reported in the CEB Annual Statistical Digests. Assuming that the ash content, in coal, is 16%, which is the maximum permissible limit, the three CPPs generate about 300,000 t of ash, annually. Out of this, about 20% is collected at the bottom as bottom ash and the rest is directed into the stacks. After getting filtered in the stack, the balance is released into the atmosphere as fly ash. Therefore, over the life time of a CPP, they jointly will release over 8 Mt of fly ash.
The Chairman has said that about 6.58 Mt of fly-ash is already stored in the premises. He also said that LKR 26 million was spent annually to spray water on the fly-ash to prevent their dispersion. In response to many complaints received from the public of loss of livelihood among farmers and fishermen, due to deposition of ash on agriculture land and sea, the CEB is planning to construct a wind barrier 1,200 m long and 15 m high to prevent wind blowing away the fly ash into neighbouring areas, at a cost of Rs. 724 million, which was approved by the Cabinet on 19.01.2018. There have been complaints from the CEB staff, at the plant site itself, of increased respiratory ailments among them due to high levels of air pollution within the premises. A public-interest organization has, in fact, filed a law suit against the CEB, demanding measures to be taken to reduce pollution by the CPP.
Coal ash is said to contain many toxic heavy metals, such as mercury, arsenic, chromium, cobalt, zinc as well as radio-active material, according to overseas literature. With nearly a decade of existence, the CEB has not made any effort to get the coal and ash analyzed to find out the actual amounts of these toxic metals present in them and how they depend on the source of coal. Adequate analytical facilities are available in the country for this purpose. What is lacking is a drive.
MERCURY IN FLY ASH
In view of the heavy mercury pollution caused by an industry which had released mercury compounds into the Bay of Minamata in Japan many years ago, and the subsequent adverse impacts it caused on the health of people who consumed fish caught from the Bay, the Minamata Convention on Mercury was adopted in October 2013 and entered into force on the 16th August 2017, with a view to phase out Mercury emissions world-wide. It is interesting to note that it had taken over 10 
years for the UN to take this preventive measure since first detection of neurological diseases among the affected people. Sri Lanka is a Party to this Convention and is therefore obliged to comply with it. The Parties agreed to collect data on the prevalence of Mercury in their countries and its impacts, to begin with.
In response, a local study was undertaken within the fishing community in Puttalam. The study revealed the presence of high levels of Mercury in women’s hair, attributed to regular consumption of fish containing high concentrations of Mercury (Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci. 23(2) (2018): 179-186) released by the CPP. Among the harmful effects that can be passed from the mother to the foetus include neurological impairment, IQ loss, and damage to the kidneys and cardiovascular system. At high levels of mercury exposure this can lead to brain damage, mental retardation, blindness, seizures and the inability to speak.
Another global study undertaken for the same purpose, found that in Puttalam, the Mercury content in the hair of women living near the lagoon was significantly elevated, with a mean of 2.74ppm ± 2.8ppm. Of great concern is that 50% of the women had a level that exceeded 2 ppm Hg and 13% exceeded 4 ppm Hg. “Of all women who participated in the sampling, 77% had a body burden of mercury exceeding the 1ppm reference level”. (https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen-mercury-sids-v1_5-en-web.pdf). Regrettably, the COPE members appeared to be unaware of this problem, even though it was given publicity in local media recently.
MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS FROM COAL ASH
The COPE has, however, shown concern about the accumulation of high volume of ash at the CPP. CEB officials have responded by saying that efforts are being made to use coal ash in the manufacture of bricks and the matter had ended there. What the CEB officials did not tell the COPE was that bricks are already being manufactured and used in construction work. For example, the headquarters building of the Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science (SLAAS) was constructed recently using these bricks. See http://www.ft.lk/columns/Built-from-ash-A-building-that-houses-Sri-Lankan-science-speaks-silently/4-703849.
The question is how safe is coal fly ash for the manufacture of bricks used in the construction of dwellings. The reason is because fly ash contains high amounts of radioactive nuclides which can get distributed country-wide if bricks are made out of coal ash. In a study undertaken by the Nuclear Science Department of the Colombo University, coal and ash sampled from the Norochcholai plant were found to contain radionuclides of Uranium, Thorium and Potassium, according to a paper presented at the Annual Session of SLAAS in 2013. The radio-activity of these substances is given in the Table, according to which coal from South Africa was found to contain Uranium and Thorium levels significantly above the global averages.
It is desirable if the CEB, therefore, undertakes two studies before they start manufacturing these bricks on a large scale. One is to determine the concentrations of radio-active nuclides present in coal and coal ash, with samples originating from different countries. The second is to carry out a survey on the ambient radio activity in buildings constructed with bricks manufactured from fly ash. The CEB could outsource these studies to institutions generally undertaking such assignments. It is important that the findings of these studies are made public.
DISPERSION OF EMISSIONS FROM COAL POWER PLANTS
The COPE Chairman has said at the COPE meeting that air pollution from the Norochcholai CPP has an impact on the entire country. In a CPP, various gaseous emissions, such as Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Particulate Matter (PM) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) are generated during combustion of coal. These are first sent through filters to capture the excessive amounts of SO2 and PM and the balance released into air. The captured particulate matter is stored as fly ash. This filtering equipment fitted in the stacks include a Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) unit to reduce SO2 emissions and Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) or Fabric Filters to reduce PM emissions. However, they can reduce only a certain fraction of emissions and their efficiency declines with time, particularly under coastal environments. It is also reported that these pieces of equipment sometimes breakdown resulting in the entire pollutants generated getting released into air.
The emissions released into the atmosphere get dispersed within the airshed covering the North Western and North Central Provinces, the extent and quantity depending on the wind pattern which varies hourly, daily and seasonally. During the SE monsoon period, prevailing winds blow interior and the possibility
of emissions reaching the Western and Eastern Provinces cannot be ruled out. These emissions, after getting transported over a certain distance depending on the wind regime, get deposited back on the ground adding to their concentration at ground level generally referred to as the Ambient Air Quality (AAQ).
EMISSION STANDARDS AND MONITORING
The CEA has published Regulations in the Gazette announcing stack emission standards (SES) for power plants and also on AAQ standards. In respect of stack emissions, the regulations say that “any person who fails to comply with the above regulations, shall be liable to an offence under the National Environmental Act, No. 47 of 1980”.
The Regulations on SES were published in the Gazette Notification dated 05.06.2019 specifying maximum permissible levels of SO2, NO2, PM and smoke. These values are given in the SES in units of mg/Nm3 (Normal cubic metres). Their conversion in to other useful forms such as parts per million (ppm) or mg/GJ or mg/kWh needs certain assumptions to be made on the fuel quality and plant efficiency. The CEB claims that they monitor the stack emissions on all pollutants regularly using remotely operated sensors but this information is not made public.
The Regulations on AAQ Standards were published in the Gazette Notification, dated 15.08.2008, specifying maximum permissible concentrations of several pollutants including Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ozone (O3), SO2, NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 present in ambient air. The last two refer to particulates with diameter 2.5 micro metres and 10 micro metres, respectively. The measurements are to be averaged over periods of 1 hour, 8 hours and 24 hours and carried out according to methods specified in the Regulations.
According to the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) of the original CPP project, at least two permanent AAQ monitoring stations need to be installed in Puttalam area, and data displayed in public places. The writer believes this has not been done. The CEB has assigned a contract to the Industrial Technology Institute (ITI) in 2018 to monitor AAQ around Puttalam using ITI’s new mobile facility. ITI had done the AAQ measurements covering all seasons (Personal communication), but the data is not available in public domain, despite the condition laid down in the EIA. The COPE Chairman should have inquired as to whether the CPP complies with these two sets of standards, SES and AAQ and if not, the reasons.
AUTHORIY FOR PROJECT APPROVAL
The COPE Chairman also has directed the CEA to get involved in overseeing the operation of the Norochcholai CPP without leaving it in the hands of the Environment Authority of NWPC. This Authority has wide powers according to its statute, according to which all prescribed projects that are being undertaken in the NWP by any Government or private institution or an individual will be required to obtain approval under this Statute for such prescribed projects. It is noteworthy that out of all Provincial Councils, only the NW Provincial Council has established its own Environmental Authority.
In the event the Minister assigns a different project approving agency, such agency will have to grant approval for a project only with the concurrence of the Provincial Authority. Hence, it is a question whether NWP Environment Authority (EA) will listen to CEA, because it is not bound to do it according to its statute. The CEB Chairman has said at the COPE meeting that the EIA study for the new CPP would be done jointly by CEA and EA of NWP. Actually, there is no need to spend millions of Rupees on EIA studies when it is obvious that a CPP causes heavy pollution while clean alternative options are available.
What generally happens in an EIA is that various measures are pledged to minimize impacts on which the EIA is approved, but there is no guarantee the pledges are kept once the project is implemented. Sometimes, projects are given approval subject to certain conditions, but these conditions are not published, which tantamount to giving an open approval. What is important is to select projects that do not intrinsically generate pollution.
One would expect such a powerful body like EA of NCP to maintain a website giving information on projects being considered by the Authority, projects that have been granted approval. Also, in the case of Norochcholai CPP, the environment data being collected by the CPP should also need to be posted in the website for the information of the public. But the Writer found no such site when searched in the Google. The data are not even posted in the CEB website which posts all other data such as generation and sales data promptly in its website.
CEB’S FUTURE PLANS FOR POWER GENERATION
The Cabinet, on 22.01.2020, granted approval for the construction of two 300 MW CPPs as an extension to the existing CPP at Norochcholai, together with construction of two 300 MW combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plants operating with natural gas, one jointly by CEB and India/Japan, and the other with funding from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The CEB Chairman, however, confirmed only the construction of two CPPs at the COPE meeting and not the construction of two 300 MW gas power plants already approved by the Cabinet. He said that according to the long-term plan of the Norochcholai CPP, a 300 MW (coal) plant was to be added to the complex by 2023 and a further 300 MW (coal) plant by 2026. According to the CEB Draft Plan for 2020-39, two more 300 MW CPPs are to be built within this decade.
Though the Cabinet had granted approval for building CPPs in January, later the Cabinet granted approval again for including the first CPP as a project to be carried out urgently as a post-COVID activity. This means that the CPP could be selected and purchased without going through the normal procurement procedure, despite the fact that the cost of a 300 MW CPP could exceed LKR 80 billion. Naturally, everyone is eyeing to take control of this purchase because of the many benefits amounting to millions if not billions of Rupees that would get transacted. Building a CPP has no relation to COVID for it to be included as a post-COVID activity. It is only an unethical way of circumventing the tender procedure. It is surprising why the learned COPE members did not see through this unethical practice and question the CEB Chairman.
Gas power plants (GPP) are also included in the CEB’s latest long-term plan for 2020-39, meaning they are acceptable as low-cost options to be added to the grid. In addition to the two-gas fired 300 MW GPPs approved by the Cabinet at the January meeting, the Cabinet has earlier granted approval for building a 300 MW GPP on BOOT basis at Kerawalapitiya by Lakdhanavi for which proposals were called in 2016 November and the award finalized now.
According to media reports, however, the Attorney General’s Department is trying to hold it back citing some shortcomings in the tender documents issued 4 years ago, but the Minister of Power wants to pursue it despite AG’s objections. Had this tender evaluated within a year as indicated in the tender documents without CEB dragging it for 4 years, the country would have had the benefit of a 300 MW of clean energy supply by now. The COPE should have inquired about this long delay from the CEB.
PROBLEMS ASOCIATED WITH COAL POWER PLANTS
A CPP is more complex than a CCGT plant and requires several days of waiting for a plant to be energized after an unannounced shut down, whereas a CCGT Plant could be energized within a matter of a few hours. The CEB still depends on Chinese technicians to maintain and operate the Norochcholai CPP even after a decade of its operation. A CPP can function only as a base-load plant whereas a CCGT Plant can function both as a base-load and a peak-load plant. This is another matter that COPE members overlooked.
A CCGT Plant is more compatible for operation with renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power plants with fluctuating outputs than a CPP which cannot respond to such fluctuating supplies. Unlike a CPP, a GPP does not generate even a gram of ash, any SO2 and no particulates. Even the NO2 generated and warm water released from a GPP are much less that that from a CPP.
It is surprising therefore that none of the leaned members of COPE questioned the CEB Chairman, why CEB wants to pursue building more coal power plants when they cause so much pollution as described earlier and pose problems in operation and maintenance in preference to a natural gas power plant which does not cause any such pollution and easier to operate. Currently, there are three CCGT Plants being operated and maintained by Sri Lankans for decades. Obviously, the COPE members appeared to have not done their homework before coming to the meeting.
The other important aspect of a GPP is that CO2 emitted by a GPP is only about half that of CO2 emitted by a similar capacity CPP. Hence, shifting from coal power to gas power is an acceptable means of mitigating carbon emissions as quired under the Paris Agreement. In a paper the Writer submitted to the 2019 National Energy Symposium, he showed that by shifting from CEB’s coal power-based Base Case Plan for 2015-34 to a no-coal case given in the 2018-37 Plan, the amount of CO2 emitted during 2021 – 2030 period could be reduced by 25%, which is more than the reductions targeted from all sectors.
Further, shifting from coal power to gas power altogether will help in achieving the President’s target of meeting 70% of energy consumed in generating electricity from renewable sources by 2030, as announced at a meeting he had on 14.09.2020 with the Power Minister, Renewable Energy State Minister and officials of the two Ministries and institutions coming under them. This is because the fossil fuel share will get reduced significantly with GPPs compared to that with CPPs.
CONCLUSION
Though the COPE had a meeting specially for looking into the affairs of the Norochcholai CPP, members appeared to have probed into matters seen on the surface instead of looking deep into its affairs. In particular, COPE has overlooked the following aspects of the Norochcholai CPP.
1. Whether the stack emissions from the plant conform to the National Emission Standards for Power Plants, violation of which is a punishable offence, and why the data are not made public.
2. Whether the AAQ measurements made by the CPP conform to the National AAQ Standards, and why the data collected are not made public.
3. Whether the CEB is aware of loss of livelihood for many in Norochcholai caused by deposition of ash on agriculture land and sea, and whether any compensation was paid for them.
4. Whether the CEB is aware of high levels of Mercury found in hair of women living around Puttalam Lagoon and why no action has been taken in this regard.
5. Whether the CEB has got the coal and ash from the CPP analyzed for their toxic heavy metals and radio-nuclides present in them, and if not why.
6. Whether the CEB is aware of the presence of radio-nuclides in coal ash and hence their unsuitability to manufacture bricks for use in house construction.
7. Whether the CEB is aware of the fact that it is difficult to achieve the President’s targets for RE share in power generation (70%) by 2030 by building more coal power plants.
8. Whether the CEB is aware of the fact that by shifting from coal to gas for power generation, the country can easily meet its obligations towards the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.
9. What justification is there for planning to build more coal power plants causing heavy pollution when non-polluting power plants burning alternative clean fuels are available.
10. What justification is there for CEB to take four years to evaluate and make an award of a tender for building a 300 MW GPP operating with gas on BOOT basis.
11. What justification is there for the CEB to include building a coal power plant as a project to be executed urgently as a post-COVID activity which is nothing but an unethical measure to circumvent tendering.
The writer expects the COPE will probe into above matters at its next meeting with the CEB.
by Premananda Atapattu
nandaata@gmail.com
A retired Senior Police Officer has reported and cautioned that there might be an attempt to disrupt the conduct of the presidential elections. It is a statutory obligation of the Executive to facilitate the smooth conduct of the polls and subsequent statutory events. However, to my knowledge even today the Sri Lankan government does not have a contingency plan to meet with such a situation.
The law enforcement authorities in Sri Lanka were not prepared to meet the contingencies which arose in the country begining from the 1971 insurrection. It has always been a recovery attempt made, in each case, except for the 1962 coup to overthrow the government, which came to light at the last minute, accidentally.
State outfits tasked with collecting and analysing the likely threats to national security have failed in their role during the last five decades. There was no central intelligence agency at the highest executive level of the State to collect, collate and analyse every piece of information relating to the national security and disseminate appropriately, timely, under acknowledgement; and create a preventive programme and have feedback obtained. This position should be regularised by stipulating as statutory obligations of each individual authority and appropriate records be maintained.
In a policing environment, it is an executive function that operates above the umbrella organisation in managing natural disasters and environmental hazards. Peace and safety of life and property of citizens is a priority. A policy framework needs to be identified as to how the State should manage its functions and policies in the context of the changing regional and global situation affecting National Security. Roles of the Executive; Armed forces and the Police should be stipulated as statutory obligations. It includes a coup to overthrow the government; jail breaks; hijacking of a VIP or an Aircraft and many other similar possibilities. In order for a police organization to draft a contingency plan, it must recognise a deficiency in the organis ation’s ability to operate efficiently and effectively in a crisis situation and there exists a need for a plan to put into action within the shortest possible time frame.
Therefore, it has to be in conformity with the National Security policy framework already in place and should receive the approval of the Executive. An action plan specifying how the policing function should be undertaken in a contingency situation has to be developed with the participation of the security forces and the police and all other state agencies executing and providing logistical support. Final product should identify a programme of action, which shall be a statutory obligation.
Man-made emergencies: While Law Enforcement agencies are responsible for dealing with the man-made emergencies, crisis situations and disasters, such incidents can be prevented or loss of life and property and the damage caused could be prevented or minimised, if carefully monitored in an intelligence gathering mechanism and included in a well-prepared prevention programme
Developing a Contingency plan.
The Objective of a Disaster Management Plan: Identifying threats to national security; public peace and the well-being of the citizens and implementing suitable plans to achieve and safeguard these objectives. Reducing the vulnerability and the effects of human induced hazards to a manageable level by identifying risk factors. Developing programmes to reduce the risks that can be envisaged and develop the capacity of the disaster management systems; response and recovery management systems at all levels to restore normalcy.
A contingency plan of the State:
A contingency plan of the State is a programme of actions prepared by the government aiming to respond to hazards and crisis situations that may occur in the country. The plan will provide the basis for rapid appropriate action. It has to identify all possibilities or vulnerabilities and how to respond to each of them effectively and take preventive and risk reduction measures. It has to identify clear policies, procedures and guidelines for action in response to early warnings. Each Ministry, responsible for providing essential services is required to take necessary measures to keep the country alive and function smoothly. It also has to prepare its own plans for meeting any contingency or a crisis situation that may occur. This includes supply of essentials like food and water; medicine; energy and power; public transport and many other essential services like health care utilization required to keep the citizens alive and secure civic conveniences as the nature and scale of the crisis may seriously affect people’s access to them. These include environmental hazards, flood; droughts; cyclones; epidemics and other likely hazards. “…To be effective, disaster management should be implemented as a comprehensive and continuous activity, and not as a periodic reaction to individual disaster circumstances…” (William, Vice President ADB, 1992.)
National Development and Disaster Management Policy:
First, most major departments within Government have a tangible and practical connection with disaster management. They have clearly defined roles and responsibilities throughout the total process of prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery (especially in these last three segments). These roles and responsibilities are formally laid down in the relevant counter disaster plans…” (. Disaster management: A Disaster manager’s handbook. Carter, W. Nick., Asian Development Bank, 2008.)
Under Sec: 10. (1) of the Disaster Management Act, “It shall be the duty of every Ministry; Government Department to prepare its own plan to meet an impending disaster”. However, even after two decades of passing the above noted Act, the Ministry in charge of Defence or the Department of Police and other agencies providing essential services to the nation, do not have such a plan of action which makes the destiny of citizens uncertain. Therefore, it is essential that the government should prepare a statutory framework to normalise a crisis situation and an action plan to restore the peaceful living of the citizens.
Maritime safety:
Sri Lanka also does not have a contingency plan for the safety of Maritime zones. This Plan should have the operational ability to operate throughout the Maritime Zones of Sri Lanka. It should identify all vulnerabilities like smuggling of arms and weapons of destruction and prohibited goods; robbery and all other illegal activities in territorial waters; acts causing environmental damage and pollution; oil spills or chemical spills etc. The role of each agency in normal situations and in a contingency should be identified. It includes the specific role of the Ministry of Foreign affairs; Ports authority; SL Navy; SL Air Force, and the agencies responsible for Policing including prosecution and all other agencies providing logistical support in a crisis situation.
Public alert system: In all contingency situations, it is the duty of the State to make the public aware that there is an impending disaster or a crisis situation or a crisis already occurred. Issue of public warnings and alert systems will be required, depending on the likely situation, may be amber or red alert system and the public will be ready to meet the crisis. The losses incurred could be reduced and the public will co-operate with the authorities and co-ordination of activities among authorities will also be achieved gainfully. This cause of action will ensure the public will not be panicky and daily routines and essential services will be carried out. In order to prevent each mass media broadcasting misinformation or different stories; versions, authorities should take full control of any situation.
Disaster mitigation and prevention: Disaster prevention and mitigation principles should be incorporated into all contingency plans.
A contingency Plan for the Police Department: Police department did not have a contingency plan in the year 1983 to prevent ethnic riots in the country or to execute at the time of attack on catholic churches in April 2019 or attack on peaceful demonstrators in Galle Face ground and Island wide attacks on the houses of ruling party politicians in May 2022 and the incidents that made the Head of the state to resign.
Attacks by Islamic terrorists in 2019:
Police department suffered the worst black mark on 21 April 2019,
by its failure to prevent attacks by Muslim terrorists in five locations in the country. Police department failed in their role to take action to prevent these incidents, although the Executive Head of the country, Secretary to the Ministry of Defence and the Head of the Police department and those at the periphery level had sufficient and clear information about a planned attack which was conveyed to the appropriate authorities well in advance.
Defining the role of police and their powers: Drawbacks with the existing statutory provisions.
Existing statutory provisions in Sri Lanka do not address the statutory obligations and the role of the Police, Secretary and the Executive Head of the country adequately in the context of socio – economic and infrastructure and constitutional developments that had taken place since independence and in varied contingencies that may arise in different situations. The need for a such a plan was felt since the 1971 insurrection with the incidents disturbing the peace and in restoration of the public confidence and stability of the country.
Vulnerability assessment and profiling the risk factors: national security.
Absence of a sound Economic development strategy and a Policy framework to uplift living standards: With the change of every government, development policies had been changed since 1952 to date. Policy decisions have not been identified to preserve and develop the domestic industries, including manufacturing industries. Natural resources were not gainfully utilised. Developing global economic trends were not carefully followed in order to structure the economy to meet the actual challenges.
‘…A recent World Bank Group (WBG)study of road safety investment in South Asia revealed a crisis that has been exacerbated by the rapid growth in vehicle ownership and diversity of motorized and non-motorized traffic of varying sizes and speeds, without adequate protection for the most vulnerable. Vehicle ownership in Sri Lanka is already high by regional standards and grew by 67 percent between 2011 and 2018. If this trend continues, as expected, crash fatalities and injuries will steadily climb unless urgently required measures are implemented…”.
Absence of a permanent Foreign policy: In the absence of a permanent balanced foreign policy, the county suffers the risk of facing pressure to become a victim of global superpowers.
Demand for a power sharing mechanism:
It is essential that the Sri Lankan NATION should reach a settlement acceptable to both parties in order to ensure that the population in the Northern province and as well as their kinsmen in other provinces should not be denied their legitimate rights and to ensure that entire country will achieve benefits of a long lasting peace which will enable the saving of costs incurred in maintaining of national security.
Development of Jihadist movement and other extremist Muslim organizations:
Development of terrorist cells within the Muslim community also creates a major threat to national security. Adequate protection to prevent the spread of such cells within the country should be taken. Law enforcement agencies should be trained to collect and analyse all such forms of threats. Immigration department should be adequately trained to prevent unlawful force entry into the county which is not being done at present. “…Since Sri Lanka’s Easter Sunday massacre, the world’s worst terrorist attack in 2019, every Sri Lankan should understand that the next attack is in the making. To prevent a possible next attack, the recommendations of the Parliamentary Select Committee should be implemented…”. (Prof. Gunaratne.2022) In his book titled Sri Lanka’s Easter Sunday Massacre. Lessons for the international community he makes suggestions in detail, under the title “shaping the domain” 2023, as to how the Islamic space could be regulated, it should essentially draw the attention of Administrators dealing with the subject of Defence.
Interference of the NGOO in internal affairs of the country. Non-governmental Organizations (NGOO) operating here continues to accelerate their interference in the internal matters of the country, in the absence of an effective immigration control system and a statutory framework to control their sabotage activities.
The global superpowers are continuing with their undue interference in the internal affairs of the country as rivalry in the region continues to grow.
Overcrowding of Prisons and possible break away of a Jail. Overcrowding of prisons is a major threat and should find solutions to detain remand prisoners and convicts in separate prisons to prevent the formation of any heretical, subversive gangs and train the staff to counter a riot and jailbreak.
Identifying likely threats, creating buffers; developing strategies to prevent and meet them: The possibility of occurrence of actions such as the following and other possible situations should be considered and plans should be developed to prevent and meet these vulnerable situations by regular training of the Armed Forces and the respective authorities. Coup to overthrow the government; Abduction of a VIP; Hijacking of a VIP boarded Aircraft, etc.
Meeting a contingency: development of a national contingency plan.
Ultimate objective of a contingency plan: The ultimate objective of the measures identified should be to ensure that the citizens will feel that they are safe in any part of the country during all hours of the day and they are able to get on with their normal day to day affairs in a peaceful environment.
Response to a contingency: Establishing a Level of Response and identifying duties of all stakeholders: “…. Modern disaster management goes beyond post-disaster assistance. It now includes pre-disaster planning and preparedness activities, organizational planning, training, information management, public relations and many other fields. “…There are several options for dividing a plan into components or parts, such as: The main plan* usually contains the primary parts of the plan, such as the statement of mission, definition of the threat, legislative authority, policy matters, relationship to other emergency plans, organizational and operational implementation, warning mechanism, resources, request for assistance etc…”(Nick 2008)
Main components that should be accommodated in a DM plan. Plans prepared should identify the following roles of the police and the umbrella Ministry.
All types of risks and vulnerabilities to national security envisaged, likely threats to peace and stability, including man-made disasters.”…While it is recognized that no single emergency plan can reflect the full scope of the jurisdictional and emergency response complexities of a modern society, society can be served well by the sum total of several well-designed and focused agent-specific contingency plans, if these plans take care to focus on the jurisdiction and expertise of the agency assigned the specific task, and take advantage of the authority and expertise available in other quarters and through other contingency plans without unnecessary duplication of effort…” Guidelines for the Development of a National Environmental Contingency Plan” Peter G. Belling,. United Nations Environment Programme,2017.
The plan should also be made flexible enough to accommodate moderate political and structural changes to government departments without the need to make structural changes to the plan or significant revisions to the plan’s main elements. Such changes are usually subject to complex and time-consuming approvals processes…”. (Nick 2008)
Contingency plan for the Divisional Commands: It should be made the obligation of the Range DIGG and OICC Divisions to develop a separate contingency plan for each police Administrative Division, based on the vulnerabilities in each Division. Special attention should be given to safeguarding the State properties. Sacred places; Reservoirs; Electrical installations and water supply etc. A plan of action that should be taken to prevent / reduce and mitigate them.
Strategy to meet with a contingency after an incident; Recovery procedure; short and long term; Plan of action to mitigate them and the judicial procedure should be stipulated.
(The Writer is the author of the book, Crime Prevention Efforts in National Planning in Sri Lanka (2015). Second edition of this book contains a chapter on the above subject.)
The frenzy of the Sri Lankan presidential election is gradually decelerating itself. The outward frenzy fizzled out as Wednesday ended with the cessation of electioneering. We hope the frenzy will not simmer in the more violent of party members. What we earnestly hope for is a peaceful polling day, quiet when results come streaming in and peace to be absolute when the winner is announced.
Hence Cass decided to cast her jaundiced eye out across the oceans to comment on the week’s happenings. She is also weary of all the election meetings shown on television and strongly desires a change. She was faced with devastating floods in Poland; fires in Portugal, worse death causing retaliation by Israel in Lebanon. She chooses however to first dwell on the latest far out narrative concerning Trump.
Sniper attempt
On Monday 16 September, BBC News had the story breaking that Trump had been targeted the previous day by a lone gun-toting interloper in his Trump International Golf Club in West Palm Beach, Florida, near his 126-room palatial resort, Mar-a Lago. Trump was on the course golfing and a secret service agent spotted the barrel of a gun and shot at the bush it emerged from. The man escaped but was apprehended – name announced and fact he was an activist for Ukraine. No need to go into him and his explanation as those facts will be fully unraveled by the time you read this.
When the news broke on BBC News, Cassandra’s first thought in her doubting mind was that it was staged; considered in Trump’s or his advisors’ strategy as an effective weapon to discredit Harris and the Democrats and show Trump off as targeted but bravely continuing his run for presidency and campaigning, not giving up even his routines of golf. Any gimmick, however cheap or rotten, is possible with this man.
Trump spoke with Fox News Digital on Monday, the day after the attempted shooting, indirectly accusing the Democrats. He said the would-be assassin believed all that was said by his political rivals. “He believed the rhetoric of Biden and Harris, and he acted on it” was what 78-year-old Trump said. “Their rhetoric is causing me to be shot at, when I am the one who is going to save the country and they are the ones that are destroying the country – both from inside and out. They say I am anti-democratic; they have brought cases against me. And, I am the one who will save you.”
Opposed to all these exaggerations and bluster, both Biden and Harris expressed their shock and great relief that he was not harmed. They definitely sounded sincere. Not for them turmoil in the country with the election so close at hand and also so close in competitiveness. No one else but Trump will suspect it was a Party or, to be exact, Harris’ manoeuver to eliminate him and thus assure a Democratic presidency. Her success is sure even now, to admirers of Harris like Cassandra. Trump’s diatribe is so juvenile; like the ranting of a child who has been punched by a co-primary student: puerile like the man himself.
Sleaze
Sir W S Gilbert, English poet, dramatist and journalist said that “It’s Love that makes the world go round.” It is true since among very many other reasons, most literatures – English undoubtedly – revolves around the theme of love, whether it be poetry, prose or drama. History from before the time of Adam and Eve is dotted with love stories. Love did cause writing, painting, songs and drama. Now the world seems to be revolving around money and looming large among the revolving impetuses is sex and sleaze.
BBC News broadcast much on one of its longest serving, highest paid news anchors, Huw Edwards; who pleaded guilty in July this year that he was involved in receiving from December 2020 onwards pornography of the illicit kind with children featured in them–something definitely criminal. His supplier of indecent images was Alex William, a 25-year-old convicted paedophile who pleaded guilty to possessing and distributing prohibited images of children. He was sentenced to a suspended one year’s conviction.
What Edwards was charged with was “making indecent images of children”. Cass further read what ‘indecent’ means in this context. It is archaic legalese for depictions of abuse. The trial was conducted in a London Court and he was given a suspended six-month sentence. So, he need not go to jail but he will be on the Sex Offender Register for seven years; has to follow a 40-day Sex Offender Treatment Programme and 25 related sessions. His light sentence was because he admitted to being severely mentally troubled for a long time.
There were calls between the supplier of the horrible sleaze and Huw but a fee as such was not paid. Rather was £ 200 gifted by Edwards to Williams for a pair of Nike trainers and again around one thousand five hundred which paid for Williams’ entry to university.
This case is not written about by Cass merely because it is of a BBC high status employee who now is sent out of the Corporation and has to give back salaries paid to him while the case was going on. It is relevant to us in Sri Lanka since corruption is rampant in this fair isle and sleaze and sex crimes cannot be out of the picture.
That US rapper, Sean ‘Diddy’ Combs, is in trouble for his being mired in sex dirt. I quote: “Combs was arrested by federal agents in New York on 16 Sept, charged with alleged sex trafficking and racketeering conspiracy. He was caught off guard by federal authorities at the Park Hyatt Hotel in Manhattan.” Personally, Cass has never ever listened to this man’s singing, if you can call what he does for money, singing.
Most shocking and notorious was the Jeffrey Epstein case with his famous friends like Prince Edward, who was relieved of all royal duties which means his position in the inner Brit Royal Family is kaput now. Epstein offered underage girls to his customers known as friends. Listening to a video interview with Melinda Gates, Cass was shocked to hear that one reason she was forced to divorce Bill after 27 years of so successful a life together of immense social work for humanity, so to say, was his friendship with Epstein. It emerged she had been patient on many issues, even allowed with grace his demand to meet an ex-girlfriend once every month. But maybe the inevitable men’s seven-year itch or more likely mid-life crisis hit Bill Gates.
Epstein reportedly committed suicide by hanging himself while in prison and before his case was called. Many disbelieved the verdict of suicide. It was rumoured he was killed due to the names he could divulge. At a poll conducted soon after, 16% respondents believed he committed suicide, 45% believed he was murdered and 39% were unsure. Natural justice prevailed; his bad karma manifested itself in this life itself.
What about our country and our men? Lily white? Particularly those clad in pristine white kapati suits. Tell Cass another; don’t anger her beyond measure.
Why this second part of her Cry this Friday just prior to a pivotal point in the history of our land? One because she is tired of election talk. Two because of what she hears about political high-ups. Many should be in prison or rehabilitation camps or offender treatment programmes! Particularly relevant to know punishments are meted out in other countries with no impunity and subverting the rule of law. In Cass’ opinion SL is well in the sickness of sleaze and sleazy behaviour. Can a woman walk a crowded street or travel in a crowded bus without being harassed? With system change promised by most of the presidential candidates and sworn to by the Big Three, shivers may be running along spines of offenders. We may see a better, cleaner, less rotten bunch of bigwigs being chosen to govern us by the new President. He is just days away!
September 15th marked International Day of Democracy and the aptness of reflecting on the future of democracy could not be stressed more at this juncture. The urgency of addressing this question is underscored by no less an incident of grave import than the recent second attempt, within just a few months, on the life of US presidential hopeful Donald Trump, besides other developments.
The apparent repeat attempt on the life of Trump by a lone gunman should ideally have the effect of alerting supporters of democracy the world over to the need to continually strengthen the values, processes and institutions that would ensure the continuance of this unique governance system. To begin with, globe-wide forces of democracy need to come together to unitedly voice a strong ‘No’ to the use of political violence within and outside democracies.
This is a matter that should not be treated as merely pertaining to the domestic politics of the US. If an attempt is being made to stymie democratic processes within the world’s ‘mightiest democracy’ through the use of murderous violence, the observer could not be faulted for taking the position that no state professing to be democratic could rest assured that it is free of the scourge of lurking, anti-systemic violence.
Since Sri Lanka will be conducting yet another presidential poll come September 21, it would need to take notable cognizance of the multiple dangers confronting democracy. As this is being written, reports have surfaced of a political killing and other forms of lawlessness in the country’s provinces, although the latter are of a sporadic nature currently. This ought to be a reminder that, although Sri Lanka is seen in some quarters as a successful democracy, it is a very fragile one. Democratic processes within it are in constant need of strengthening and consolidation.
Needless to say, Sri Lanka has been time and again witness to ‘nation-breaking’ violence. The 30-year, humanly highly costly ‘anti-LTTE’ war was one of these manifestations of runaway violence that could have torn the country apart. Yet, the totality of causes that led to the war remains apparently unrecognized by governments and sections of the public, rendering Sri Lanka’s democracy several-fold more fragile.
If Lankan governments are seeking a durable answer to ‘nation-breaking’ violence, there are specific democratic measures that could be taken by them to effectively manage such disruptions. One of these is substantive power devolution to the country’s North-East. Despite Sri Lanka arriving at what is considered a landmark presidential poll, this need is yet to be addressed notably.
The security forces’ military victory over the LTTE in 2009 has bred a sense of complacency among Sri Lanka’s power and social elites, which fosters the belief that the country is free of separatist violence forever, but this could prove a dangerous illusion in the absence of a durable political solution to the ethnic conflict. This state of mind is fraught with risks, considering that the roots of the conflict are remaining unaddressed.
In the case of the second attempt on Trump’s life, the world is confronted with a disquieting irony. This is on account of the fact that no less a political actor than Trump himself encouraged anarchic tendencies within the US by initially turning a blind eye on them and by even inciting his supporters to seize control of the Capitol Building on January 6, 2021, subsequent to his defeat at the hands of Joe Biden at the last presidential election. For example, he is on record as telling the US public that the ‘election had been stolen from him.’
This amounts to a gross subversion of the democratic process and to date Trump evinces no signs of his deeply regretting his supporters’ anarchic violence, although he went back on some of his initial pronouncements. Thus has democracy been undermined by a US President himself.
Besides making the democratic system of governance a laughing stock of authoritarian states, such as Russia and China, Trump has given anti-democratic forces the world over a huge fillip by failing to unreservedly accept the result of the last US presidential poll, which was seen by the relevant authorities as free of blemish.
However, the damage to democracy stemming from Trump’s incitement of anarchic violence, could be considered as already having been done in the case of the weaker democracies of the South. The admirers of Trump are far and wide and there is no doubt that they would be already seeing the violent overthrow of a democratically-constituted state as legitimate.
The appeal of populist and authoritarian political personalities, such as Donald Trump, within Southern polities should be considered quite extensive in view of the fact that the majority of the latter states are prone to personalism; that is, the irrational glorification of political leaders by the masses.
This could be seen as a Fatal Cleopatra of democratically-deficient Southern states. To the extent to which they uncritically acclaim populist political leaders in particular, to the same extent do they weaken their democratic institutions and associated value systems. The answer to this is the growth of a vibrant democratic culture which is a long-gestation project that needs to be nourished over decades.
The induction of technocratic elites into governance is not necessarily the solution to this deep-seated problem in the South. These elites could help in the economic growth process to a degree, but the fostering of democratic cultures could be made possible by only those visionary leaders who place at the heart of their development schemes social and economic equity in the truest sense. Thus far, with the exception of Mahatma Gandhi of India, it is difficult to identify any Southern leader in post-independence times who could be considered as having been a catalyst in substantive democratic development; which is essentially all about combining growth with equity.
Hopefully, these Southern polities would think deeply on these matters, going forward. A broad-based, deeply humanistic and secular education could be considered as essential to the building of Gandhi-type visionary leaders with broad sympathies. This undertaking could no longer be postponed by Southern states desirous of fostering democratic governance.
The issue is; could Sri Lanka be considered as equal to this challenge? Unfortunately, the answer at the moment is ‘No’. None of its ‘leaders’ vying for the presidency, for instance, has conceived of development for their country in strictly the above terms. We need to begin with humanity or ‘Reverence for Life’ and there don’t seem to be takers for this among Sri Lanka’s ‘leaders’.
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