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Genetics and the Aryan debate: New light from old bones
The Aryan migration debate is not about whether the ‘steppe people’ migrated into India or not but is a question really about the timing of the steppe migrations and whether Sanskrit and the Rigvedic culture were part of the baggage of these migrants, says a new study.
The study published in the Sawarajya Mag says that the Aryan Migration Theory AMT (the new edition of the older Aryan Invasion Theory AIT) postulates that the Harappans were pre-Aryan with a culture in terminal decline by 1900 BC well before the Aryans entered India.
“The Aryans must also have appeared on the scene well before the onset of the Iron Age around 1200 BC, as attested by their Bronze Age artifacts and by the Rig-Veda, which they are supposed to have composed in India. The Iron Age began earlier in India than elsewhere, and even if the evidence of ferrous metallurgy around 1800 BC remains confined to the Ganga Basin and the South, it is improbable that it did not reach Northern India 600 years later. Thus, the outer limits to the Aryan migration are 1900 BC and 1200 BC.
The attribution of the Rig-Veda to the Aryan immigrants imposes even stricter time-limits.
The Rig Veda is an Indian book. Its geography and ecology are entirely Indian, with rivers, mountains, flora and fauna existent only here, definitely not on the steppes or anywhere along possible routes from the steppes. It could have been composed only after the Aryans were established in India long enough to have quite forgotten any ancestral homeland or alien environment.
Its composition further must have occupied several centuries because its earlier books differ linguistically enough from the later for this evolution to have required a very long time. Since the Rig-Veda must have been completed by 1200 BC, the Aryans must have immigrated at least 300 years earlier. Thus, the Aryan migration must have occurred within the narrow window of time 1900-1500 BC.
The ancient DNA discovered in India proper is limited to that extracted from a single female buried around 2600 BC at Rakhigarhi on the banks of the ancient Drishadvati.
This woman’s DNA resembles that of 11 roughly contemporary individuals disinterred not in India, but well outside, 8 at Shahr-i-Sokhta in Iran and 3 at Gonur in the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC).
The geneticists Reich et al speculate that these 11 were travellers from the Indus-Saraswati region and that all 12 represent the genotype of the Harappans. None of the 12 show any traces of steppe lineage; so if they were Harappans, the latter must have differed sharply from the steppe pastoralists.
After the Rakhigarhi woman, the cupboard of ancient Indian DNA is bare for almost another 1500 years. The next bit of DNA harvested is from the Swat valley of Northwesternmost Pakistan where several individuals have been exhumed with radiocarbon burial dates ranging between 1000 BC and 800 BC, a few before 1000 BC and a couple soon after1200 BC.
These reflect the genetic profiles of the 12 supposed Harappans but also elements of a Steppe Pastoralist ancestry. The chronology doesn’t quite fit the interval requirements (1900 BC – 1500 BC) of the AMT.
However, if the steppe people entered the Swat valley between 1900 BC and 1500 BC and interbred with Harappan natives to create a ‘ghost population’ now untraceable, and if a generation is 28 years long, then random recombination of genes within this ghost population over the intervening generations would create a replica of the disinterred Swat valley population at the time it actually lived and died.
Does this allay the discomfort generated by the paucity of ancient DNA from the relevant time and place? Not quite.So the geneticists have marshalled an impressive array of DNA data from thousands of contemporary Indians.
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A mechanism that goes beyond the normal state apparatus is needed to restore public life – President
President Anura Kumara Dissanayake emphasised that a unified operational mechanism, which goes beyond the normal state administration, is required to restore public life after a disaster.
The President stated this while participating in the Kandy District Coordinating Committee meeting held at the Kandy District Secretariat on Saturday (06).morning
During the meeting, the President separately reviewed the progress of the programmes underway to restore essential infrastructure in the district, including the roadways, electricity, water and fuel supply, irrigation systems and communication facilities.
The President instructed officials to utilise the allocated provisions for the next 25 days to complete road clearing activities swiftly, until the permanent reconstruction of roads is completed.
The President also instructed that water supply in the district be fully restored within three days. Until then, the water requirements of the public should be met through bowsers and such activities must be carried out as an emergency measure beyond the usual procedure, with technical support from the Tri-Forces.
Further, he instructed that the cleaning of household wells be carried out under the coordination of Divisional Secretariats and that electricity supply in the district be restored by 31 December through temporary repairs, while major reconstruction work will be carried into the second phase.
The President pointed out the need to identify arable lands and give priority to cultivation. He instructed that cultivable paddy fields be identified urgently and supplied with the required irrigation water and highlighted the importance of coordinated action by the Department of Irrigation, Provincial Irrigation Department and the Department of Agrarian Development.
He also instructed officials to expedite the payment of the Rs. 200,000 compensation allocated to identified farmers and fields and to submit a report on the extent of vegetable cultivation affected in the district within two weeks. Accordingly, Rs. 150,000 per hectare will be paid as compensation to the affected vegetable farmers and necessary amendments will be made to provide the same compensation for losses incurred in banana cultivation.
The impact on the livestock sector due to the disaster was also broadly discussed. The President highlighted the need to maintain updated data regarding the number of farms and livestock.
He explained the need to restart damaged livestock farms swiftly, to restore income sources for the farmers and to meet the country’s food needs, including milk, poultry and eggs.
Discussions were also held regarding restoring fuel supply in the district. Due to road blockage, fuel supply has been disrupted in Pussellawa and Meetalawa. The President instructed that, through coordination between the Road Development Authority, the Tri-Forces and the Police, fuel be supplied to these areas by Saturday [06] evening.
The resumption of schools in the Kandy District was also discussed. The President instructed officials to minimise delays in reopening schools to ensure that examinations are held as scheduled.
The President also examined in detail the steps taken to restore the district’s health services, railways and communication facilities.
Discussions were held regarding housing damage and the resettlement of affected people. The roles of the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau and the required staffing needs were considered.
The President stated that state-owned lands in adjacent areas will be identified and presented for resettlement activities and necessary interventions will be made to release such lands through discussions with relevant institutions. He emphasised that the government’s objective is to resettle people safely and continuous assessment must be carried out to ensure that compensation provided for destroyed and partly damaged houses is used properly for reconstruction.
As all compensation payments will be made under the 2025 Budget, the President stressed the need to complete all payments before 31 December, to avoid a burden on the 2026 Budget. He said the dedication of all state officials is essential to successfully implement the programmes initiated to restore public life.
Attention was drawn to the garbage disposal problem in Gampola. As a long-term solution, the President instructed that, until the relevant Mahaweli land is released, land belonging to the Ceylon Electricity Board be temporarily allocated for the purpose.
Attention was also paid to the damage caused to state institutions due to the disaster situation.
While noting that natural disasters such as floods, storms and landslides cannot be prevented, the President emphasised that the loss of lives and property can be minimised. He stated that a proper study of the Central Highlands is needed and a long-term plan must be prepared to restore the eroding ecological system.
He further highlighted the need to enforce the powers of local authorities to prevent similar disasters in the future, stating that no room should be given for illegal constructions hereafter. He also noted that Ceylon Electricity Board should not provide electricity to such unauthorised locations.
The President stated that although some expected it would take a long time for the country to recover after the disaster, the government has already been able to restore public life to normalcy within a very short period. He added that by working together for a little longer, the desired goals can be achieved.
The President expressed special appreciation for the dedication shown by state officials and the Tri-Forces in carrying out these tasks.
Minister of Agriculture, Livestock, Land and Irrigation K.D. Lal Kantha, Deputy Minister of Transport and Highways Prasanna Gunasena, Deputy Minister of Health Hansaka Wijemuni, Members of Parliament Jagath Manuwarana and Thanura Dissanayake, as well as Central Province Governor Professor Sarath Abeykoon, Chief Secretary G.H.M.A. Premasinha, Kandy District Secretary Indika Udawatta and officials representing all line agencies including the Road Development Authority, Ceylon Electricity Board and the Irrigation Department attended the occasion.
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President calls on the Mahanayake Thera of the Asgiri chapter
President Anura Kumara Dissanayake on Saturday (06) morning visited the Asgiri Maha Viharaya and paid respects to the Mahanayake Thera of the Asgiri Chapter, Most Venerable Warakagoda Sri Gnanarathana Thera, from whom he received blessings.
The President briefed the Mahanayake Thera on the government’s programmes to provide relief to the people affected by the prevailing disaster situation and engaged in a brief discussion with him.
Thereafter, the President called on the Anunayake Thera of the Asgiri Chapter, Most Venerable Narampanawae Ananda Anunayake Thera and also held a brief discussion with him.
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President calls on the Mahanayake Thera of the Malwathu chapter
President Anura Kumara Dissanayake on Saturday (06) morning visited the Malwathu Maha Viharaya and paid respects to the Mahanayake Thera of the Malwathu Chapter, Most Venerable Thibbatuwawe Sri Sumangala Thera.
The President briefed the Mahanayake Thera on the government’s programmes to provide relief to the people affected by the prevailing disaster situation and engaged in a brief discussion.
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