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Education, ‘three Es’ and McUniversities: Some Heretical Thoughts

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Keynote Address delivered by Panduka Karunanayake Senior Lecturer in the Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, at 16th Annual Higher Education Conference in Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka Association for Improving Higher Education Effectiveness on July 24, 2020: Colombo.

In this Keynote Address, let me share with you some heretical thoughts on higher education’s ‘three E’s’: Equity, Effectiveness, Efficiency. I will also visit the concept of McDonaldization of Society (Ritzer 2006), and its incarnation in the universities, the McUniversities. My main argument is that external pressures and transformations have changed the nature of higher education, and that it is time we recognised this and took corrective steps. A crucial step in this response is having our own definition of higher education, no matter how difficult this is. I will also try to connect up with the current ‘new normal’ that has arisen with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic – with its own threat of further, externally-imposed change. For the sake of sticking to my time I will considerably abbreviate my talk, but the full text will be circulated by your Association.

“Define, or be defined”

Your Association is dedicated to improving the effectiveness of higher education. To start this onerous task, we should first define, or at least describe, higher education. The iconoclastic psychiatrist Thomas Szasz warned us that if we didn’t define ourselves, others would go on to define us: “Define, or be defined.” We will then be relegated to a life of living that definition or endlessly contesting it. I would ask you to dwell on this and to ask yourself, Has this happenned to us already?

This is even more important in the immediate aftermath of a major event like the COVID-19 pandemic, after which we can expect a lot of change (which has been called the ‘new normal’). At such times, it is our definition that will allow us to safely navigate ourselves through the turbulent sea of change, and preserve higher education and seek its effectiveness.

Defining higher education is, however, a very difficult task. A few academics have nevertheless tried to grapple with it, and my own favourite is Ronald Barnett (1990; 1996). Barnett asked many of the right questions, even if he could not conclusively answer them. He might not have given the final, clinching definition or even a description of higher education. Indeed, we perhaps don’t even know what higher education is not! But thanks to academics like him, we at least know that we don’t know – and that, as Socrates said, is the first step to wisdom and, as Bloom’s revised taxonomy puts it, is in the highest knowledge category, known as metacognition.

And it was also Barnett’s writings that convinced me that we must engage with these problems, not as a hobby or an afterthought, but as a priority. Some academics are happy to live their lives in accordance with a definition given to them. When they see other academics like me who think about these issues, they would accuse us of wasteful self-indulgence, because we do not seem to contribute to the knowledge production that the externally given definitions demand. But Barnett disagreed, and pointed out that, on the contrary, not to think about these issues is high hypocrisy. He asked, How can we not self-examine ourselves when we make it our business to examine everything around us?

Higher education in
a changing world

Higher education worldwide has changed drastically over the last six or seven decades, due to external pressure. For instance, in the 1960s the emergence of the knowledge industries created an increased demand for knowledge workers, who had to be educated to the tertiary level, leading to what is known as the massification of universities – the universities changed from elite organisations that served a small number of educationally-gifted students to large-scale organisations serving students with a wider range of abilities.

In the 1970s there was a clear, watertight demarcation between higher education and further education, both of which were forms of tertiary education. Further education spread across a wide spectrum and included various types of technical and vocational education. Some of these were subsequently incorporated to universities, due to a constellation of factors. It was then no longer quite clear whether university education was synonymous with higher education. It certainly seemed like a marriage of convenience, where both partners chose to ignore their incompatibilities so that they can enjoy the considerable benefits of being nominally paired, if not conjugated. And the term further education is no longer in much use.

Some of the features that were believed to belong with higher education rather than further education, such as critical thinking, were then identified, dissected, listed and added to curricula, as if higher education was no longer the mystery. But in time, the vacuousness of this approach has come to light. For instance, critical thinking has been separated from critical thinking skills and other elusive aspects of criticality, variously called critical being, critical self-reflection and so on (Barnett 1996: 11-22). And there are other aspects of higher education too that are similarly elusive and are hovering around us and teasing us for our impetuosity.

The 1970s witnessed economic woes for the world, even the West, with the so-called slow economic depression. State funding for universities was reduced, even while the demand for graduates from the new knowledge industries was increasing. In that context, by the 1990s, economics and its new methods became increasingly important in government policies and strategies worldwide, pushed especially by the World Bank, leading to the talk of the three E’s of education: Equity, Effectiveness, Efficiency (Lockheed and Hanushek 1994).

Another change came in the 1990s after the fall of the Soviet bloc, when capitalist industries quickly gained control over all forms of life – human, animal, plant – and even the inanimate environment, and all roads led to Washington. In this new unipolar world, knowledge production underwent a marked, cataclysmic transformation too, in the space of a few decades (Gibbons et al 1994). Since funding sources for research in universities also shifted hands from unrestricted governmental grants to granting agencies that laid down restrictive criteria of prioritisation and selection, it was only a matter of time before research in universities itself changed its nature (see Table 1).

This was soon followed by globalisation and the free flow of financial capital and human resources throughout the globe, leading to a vastly increased entry of private capital into higher education and the emergence of the internationalisation of higher education, cross-border higher education and the birth of franchised degrees. My favourite author for this period and its issues is Philip Altbach (Altbach and Peterson1999; Altbach and Umakoshi 2004; Altbach 2006).

Today, academics like Angus Kennedy (2017) has had to point out that universities have lost their way (emphases in the original):

“Rather than being relevant to society, instead the role of the university is a model of how society should be. Its foundation showed that society believed there were higher things, things more important than the material and mundane, and that they were the rightful objects of study by those who had a higher calling, a more noble profession than soldiery, or buying and selling in the marketplace.”

Perhaps, the universities had not been ready for these decades with a definition of higher education of its own, or perhaps its own idea of higher education could not stand its ground. Imperceptibly, the three E’s became the new strategies for the universities. Academics didn’t have their own definition or had to ignore it – and the universities underwent change.

If universities were by now having difficulty identifying their exact role in research, almost a century before that, they had had difficulty identifying their role in teaching. This was in the era before the emergence of the research university, when the university’s role in society was limited to teaching and service. Our own Ananda Coomaraswamy, who pioneered the struggle for a national university for Ceylon at the turn of the twentieth century, had written thus:

“Modern education is designed to fit us to take our place in the counting-house and at the chain-belt; a real culture breeds a race of men able to ask, What kind of work is worth doing?”

Another problem that was thrown in, some time between Coomaraswamy and Barnett, was the challenge posed by post-modernism. Post-modernism has an intense mistrust of all univeralisms. So naturally, an idea of the university or higher education that stretched across all localities, disciplines and specialisations and claimed to cover them all had to first confront post-modernism. And that confrontation too hasn’t gone smoothly.

Please don’t misunderstand me. I am not trying to overwhelm you or discourage you from doing all your good work. I am only begging you to face this history and these difficulties, and to define yourself, or at least describe yourself, or at the very least state what you are clearly not. In a way, I am asking you to ask Coomaraswamy’s question in relation to our own work in higher education: What kind of work is worth doing? Otherwise one day you will wake up and realise that others have defined you exactly as what you were not planning to be, and you will have to choose between either contesting this definition or living your life in accordance with it.

In fact, that might already be the case, except that we haven’t yet woken up to it. For instance, every morning when I wake up I have to behold, right in front of my house, a well-known private international school offering primary and secondary education that calls itself “International School of Higher Education”!

The task of maintaining our identity, or at least renegotiating it, in the face of changing societal, intellectual and institutional pressures is certainly challenging – and my plea for all of us is to face it, instead of ignoring it. This has become even more important in the COVID-19 world, when more externally-imposed change is on the way.

(To be continued)

Email: panduka@clinmed.cmb.ac.lk



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UN

Formed in 1945 by the victors of World War II, the main aim of the United Nations was to preserve international peace and security. The UN Charter provides for pacific settlement of disputes between members, and, if the parties fail to settle the dispute by peaceful means, the Security Council may step in, and adopt coercive measures ~ ranging from diplomatic and economic, to the use of armed force.

Coercive measures were seldom applied during the Cold War period, because of liberal use of veto by the United States or the Soviet Union. Post-Cold War, till recently, USA was the only superpower left, so it rampaged unhindered through Iraq, erstwhile Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, Yemen, Libya, Syria ~ to mention only some of its misadventures. Former US President Barack Obama succinctly observed: “In the middle of the Cold War, the chances of reaching any consensus had been slim, which is why the UN had stood idle as Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary or US planes dropped napalm on the Vietnamese countryside.

Even after the Cold War, divisions within the Security Council continued to hamstring the UN’s ability to tackle problems. Its member states lacked either the means or the collective will to reconstruct failing states like Somalia, or prevent an ethnic slaughter in places like Sri Lanka” (A Promised Land, 2020). In its early days the UN actively promoted decolonisation, hand holding the eighty colonies that gained independence in the aftermath of WWII. The UN, through its agencies like the FAO, IMF, World Bank and programmes and funds like UNDP and UNICEF actively supported the newly independent countries, helping them tide over food shortages, droughts, medical emergencies, etc.

All countries, developed and undeveloped, are immensely benefited by UN agencies like ILO, ICAO, UNESCO, WHO, UPU, IMF, World Bank etc. as also UN sponsorship of nuclear arms control treaties and environmental initiatives. However, now with the Russian invasion of Ukraine in its fortieth month and the Israeli invasion of Gaza in its twentieth, the failure of the UN to stop hostilities in either case highlights its increasing irrelevance. The ongoing war in Ukraine began in February 2014 when Russia occupied and annexed Crimea from Ukraine and then occupied eastern Donbas region in 2018, followed by a full-blown invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Ukraine war has resulted in a refugee crisis for both Russia and Ukraine, as also a million dead and injured on the Russian side and 700,000 dead and injured on the Ukraine side ~ all for a gain of around 113,000 sq.km. of Ukrainian territory by Russia.

The Security Council has been unable to act ~deadlocked by the veto power of Russia. True, the UN General Assembly has debated and condemned the Russian role in the war, but unlike the Security Council, its resolutions are not binding on member states. In the UN session called to mark the third anniversary of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the US twice sided with Russia. Firstly, the US opposed a European-drafted resolution in the General Assembly that condemned Moscow’s actions and supported Ukraine’s territorial integrity. Then, the US sponsored a resolution in the Security Council, which called for an end to the war but contained no criticism of Russia. The ongoing invasion of Gaza strip by Israel since October 2023, has resulted in an unprecedented tragedy; according to official figures of the Gaza Health Ministry, as of 4 June 2025, almost 57,000 people (55,223 Palestinians and 1,706 Israelis) have been killed. The dead include 180 journalists and media workers, 120 academics, and over 224 humanitarian aid workers, which include 179 employees of UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA).

Scholars have estimated that 80 percent of Palestinians killed were civilians. A study by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNOHCHR), which verified fatalities from three independent sources, found that seventy per cent of the Palestinians killed in residential buildings were women and children. The Gaza war has led to extreme famine conditions in Gaza Strip, resulting from Israeli airstrikes and the ongoing blockade of the Gaza Strip, which includes restrictions on humanitarian aid. More than two million Gazans ~ about 95 per cent of Gaza’s population ~ have been displaced, and are categorized as facing acute or catastrophic food insecurity. There are currently no functioning hospitals in Gaza. After the end of the two-month ceasefire with Hamas on 18 March, Israel resumed attacks on Gaza.

According to a U.N. assessment, since then, the Israeli military has dramatically altered the map of the enclave, declaring about 70 per cent of it either a military “red zone” or under evacuation orders, and pushing hundreds of thousands of Palestinians into ever-shrinking pockets. A fortnight ago, the Israeli government approved a plan to expand military operations in the Gaza Strip, which would, eventually, include occupation of the entire Gaza Strip. Israel intends to move Gaza’s civilian population southward “for its own defence,” though forced displacement is a crime under international law. Eyal Zamir, the IDF chief, said: “We will operate in additional areas and destroy all infrastructure ~ above and below ground.”

The Israeli cabinet also ratified a plan to take control of and sharply reduce the distribution of food and lifesaving aid. As of now, Israeli soldiers sometimes fire on crowds assembled to seek food. Images of starving Palestinians scrambling for paltry aid packages, herded in cage-like lines and then coming under fire have caused global outrage. Israel’s actions have the complete backing of the US, which is bankrolling its invasion and providing weapons and intelligence for the genocide of Palestinians. US President Trump seems to have provided the roadmap for the future of the Gaza strip; in a video posted in late-February, President Trump outlined the concept of a plan for the U.S. taking ownership of the Gaza Strip and turning it into the “Riviera of the Middle East.”

The question naturally arises as to what the UN is doing when such egregious violations of its underlying principles are taking place? As early as December 2023, to draw attention to the Gaza crisis, in the first such move in decades, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres invoked Article 99 of the UN Charter; the UNSC failed to act because a US veto blocked a ceasefire resolution, supported by more than 150 countries. Every time the issue came up in the Security Council, similar US vetoes stalled action against Israel. As late as 4 June 2025, the United States has vetoed a United Nations Security Council resolution that called for an immediate, unconditional, and permanent ceasefire in Gaza. Notably, the US was the only country to vote against the measure, while the 14 other members of the Security Council voted in favour.

The dangerous impasse in the UN, is part of a larger problem of incompatibility of 20th century multilateralism and 21st century geopolitics, and quest of a global balance of power, between a West on the defensive, rampant authoritarian powers, and an emerging South, demanding its place at the high table. The world over the UN is perceived to have failed in its objectives ~ even in the US ~ which has strengthened its hegemony through the UN; a Disengaging Entirely from the United Nations Debacle (DEFUND) Act was introduced, in the US Congress in 2023. However, the failure is mostly of the Security Council, which is extrapolated to the entire UN. UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres noted that “the U.N. is not the Security Council,” but all U.N. bodies “suffer from the fact that the people look at them and think, ‘Well, but the Security Council has failed us.”

A more correct assessment is that members of the United Nations have failed it ~ while big powers pursue their rivalries through the UN, poorer countries are only interested in the money they can get from the UN and its agencies ~ which is mostly eaten away or spent on unconnected purposes. A quick fix solution could be to abolish the veto in UNSC, or to empower the General Assembly to override a veto in specified circumstances. The second secretary general of the UN, Dag Hammarskjöld, observed that the UN wasn’t designed to take humanity to heaven, but prevent it sliding into hell. Let’s hope it can do that at least, before the flames engulf us. (The Statesman)

(The writer is a retired Principal Chief Commissioner of Income-Tax.)

by DEVENDRA SAKSENA ✍️

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A personal note

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All my life I have been a family man. So, I have been close to my sister and brother and we enjoyed our growing up years together and remained close throughout. As a husband, father, and grandfather too, I have always found time for my family members even in the amidst my busy days as a parliamentary official and now in retirement make it a point to spend time with my loved ones as much as possible, especially with my son, daughter, their spouses and beloved grandchildren, all girls and now all teenagers.

MY SISTER IRANGANIE & BROTHER PROFESSOR NISSANKA

Both my sister and brother were born in Deniyaya where my father was stationed as the only doctor there. As my father was transferred from time to time to Elpitiya, to Galle and Police Hospital, Colombo, they too moved with our parents. Iranganie was educated at Southlands College, Galle and Ladies’ College, Colombo. She excelled at music and completed her LRSM professional diploma in music.

My sister married D.G. Atukorala from Panadura. He worked at the State Engineering Corporation and ended as its Chairman, after many years of service. They had three children, two sons and a daughter. As a son and daughter migrated to Australia 15 years ago, they persuaded my sister and her husband to join them there. They live in Sydney and the daughter and son who live close by look after their aging parents with absolute dedication and loving care.

My sister is now 94 and brother-in-law 97 and thankfully they are in reasonably good health. As a close-knit family, their elder son who is in Edinburgh keeps in constant touch with the parents. All the children are well educated and are doing exceptionally well in their chosen fields.

My brother was at Royal College and then Medical College. Having passed out of Medical College, he joined Government service for the first few years. He later joined the Physiology Department of the Faculty of Medicine in Colombo. Thereafter he was sent to Edinburgh University for further studies and obtained his doctorate from there.

He also had another important acquisition there when he fell in love and married Alison Alexander, the daughter of the Professor in the same University. They had no children.

He was handpicked by Minister George Rajapaksa, Minister of Health in the Sirimavo Bandaranaike government, to set up the Postgraduate Institute of Medicine as its first director. The PGIM is well regarded even today. A few years later he was chosen to join the World Health Organization (WHO) in New Delhi as its Manpower Director. He had just completed five years there when on an official assignment to Bali in Indonesia, he suffered a fatal heart attack. I was instrumental in getting his body back to Sri Lanka with help from the WHO. He was cremated in Colombo. Our families, especially my son and daughter, miss him very much as he was a tower of strength in our small family and had an outstanding personality.

HUSBAND, FATHER & GRANDFATHER

On 10th January 1962, I married Srima Kodagoda, the daughter of Albert and Margi Perera of Kalyani Road, Colombo-6. I had known Srima for a few years previously, having met her through common friends. The reception took place at the residence of Dr. P. R. Anthonis who had very kindly agreed with my in-laws to have the reception there because of the close friendship between them. My boss Ralph Deraniyagala, Clerk of the House of Representatives and Dr. Anthonis were the attesting witnesses. Our first home was a small two-bedroom apartment down Swarna Road off Havelock Road, belonging to the family of eminent historian Dr. G. C. Mendis.

It was a place with basic amenities, and I remember having to use it as a dining table, a box covered with a tablecloth. We stayed in this house for only a year and then shifted to our present residence 138/1 Havelock Road, Colombo-05. Satyajit Nilkamal, our son was born on November 9, 1962. Regrettably, I was not present at his birth as by then my boss Ralph Deraniyagala had sent me for a three-month assignment to the House of Commons, London, U.K. I was visiting Srima’s cousin Prof. Upali Kuruppu at Cambridge University when I got the wonderful news. Srima was living with my mother and brother Nissanka Seneviratne and his wife Alison at No.200 Havelock Road, Colombo-05 in my absence. I returned to Sri Lanka in May 1963 when my son was six months old Needless to say it was an unforgettable reunion.

Our son Satyajit was educated at Royal College throughout beginning with the Royal Junior School and later Royal College proper. After leaving school when he was under 18, thanks to a family friend Sarath Vidanage, the Royal cricketer, he proceeded to the USA and started his secondary school at a Junior College in San Jose in California. After Junior College, he got admission to the University of Texas in Austin to complete his studies leading to a Bachelor of Engineering Degree which he completed in three years.

I was lucky enough to visit him during his studies, taking time off from my parliamentary trips and paying my way there to visit him. On completion of his studies, I encouraged him to do a Master’s Degree and together we applied to two or three universities. Fortunately for us he received admission to the University of Clemson’s in South California to commence his studies, which led him to graduate in two years’ time with a Master’s Degree in Computer Engineering. On completion he was lucky to gain employment at the House of Representatives in Washington D.C. So coincidentally, father and son commenced work on the same day, June 15, myself at the then House of Representatives

in Sri Lanka and my son at the House of Representatives in the USA, working as an Assistant to the House Information System Department. If he remained with Congress in the USA, he would likely have got his Green Card leading to US Citizenship. Instead, he returned to Sri Lank a year later and was lucky to join Millennium Information Technology Campus at Kotte. He worked there until he retired at the compulsory age of 55. Now he works at Iron One Technologies, started by Ms. Lakmini Wij esundera, incidentally a close friend of my daughter at Ladies College, who has set up a very successful enterprise in Computer Technology and Management, now having branches in many countries abroad.

In January 1995 he married Udeni Wijeratne, a graduate in Tourism Management from the U.K. Coincidentally she is the only daughter of Cuda and Manel Wijeratne. Cuda was my classmate and close friend at Royal College, belonging to the 45 Alumni Group. Sadly, Cuda and Manel passed away some years ago. My son and daughter -in-law have been blessed with two adorable daughters Aleyha ,16 and Taheli ,13, both doing extremely well at Ladies College and intending to do further studies in the U.K.

Our daughter Shanika Anjali was born on 11 April, 1969 and was educated throughout at Ladies College. When she finished her studies, she was fortunate to join the Sri Lanka Institute of Architects (SLIA) for one year. She was admitted to the prestigious Architecture School in New Delhi, India- the School of Planning and Architecture. After three years, on graduation, she returned to Sri Lanka to complete architectural studies and become a qualified architect.

She married old Royalist Malik Wickramanayake, son of Sonny and Nirmalee Wickramanayake from Baddegama, the former running a successful tea firm in Colombo, the latter doing a successful job as a leader in fashion designing and shop owner in Colombo and a clever journalist. Malik was a banker with HSBC and worked many years in Colombo. They are blessed with their only daughter Sehanya who was born on 24 January 2004. When their daughter was only three years old, he was successful in getting employment in Dubai as Manager with HSBC. They spent ten long years in Dubai, U.A.E. and my wife and I had the immense pleasure of visiting them in February each year, when the weather was comfortable.

On their return to Sri Lanka, Malik joined Seylan Bank as a Deputy Manager where he still works. Though my daughter was keen to admit her daughter to Ladies College where, as a young girl she had studied for two years, they finally admitted her to Elizabeth Moir School. She now awaits sitting her Advanced Level Examination in May 2022, before proceeding abroad for higher education.

 by Nihal Seneviratne
Advocate of the Supreme Court
Retired Secretary General of Parliament
(From Memories of 33 years in Parliament) ✍️

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Family bereavement and heavier workload

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Lalith: “In 1978 the Minister of Trade and Shipping Mr. Lalith Athulathmudali appointed me to the Board of Directors of the Ceylon Shipping Corporation.”

(Continued from last week)

Death in the family

In the meantime, in spite of the time spent at conferences and meetings relating to food policy reforms, I saw to it that our regular Tuesday afternoon review meeting with the Minister and Deputy Minister took place. By early 1978 my father’s condition was deteriorating. He was gradually losing interest in food and getting very weak. He was almost 89 years old and the doctors felt that the system was beginning to shut down due to age. Towards late February, he also began in a weak voice sometimes hardly audible, to say, what was for him, very unusual things.

He said he saw a collection of beautiful birds with the most colourful plumage. Sometimes he said that he heard the most beautiful music, and one day he said that he was present at a very pleasant musical show. What was most surprising was that I had never known my father to listen to any music. He showed no interest whatsoever in this area. Neither did he show any interest in birds.

The only interest that he and my mother showed in birds was when men came around occasionally, selling birds, whether they be parrots, mynahs or house sparrows. On many such occasions they used to bargain with the seller on a wholesale price and release the whole lot from captivity.

For months afterwards we saw large numbers of them on our roof and the roofs of surrounding homes. These visions of my father were very unusual and we were wondering whether there was any significance to them, particularly when on some days he referred to “Heavenly” birds. His sunken eyes used to light up at these recollections.

On Tuesday 14th of March we were at our weekly meeting with the Minister and Deputy Minister. There were a number of items to be discussed and by 9 p.m. we had not quite finished. At 9.15 p.m., we were about to finish when I received an urgent telephone call from home to say that my father’s condition had taken a serious turn, and asking me to come immediately. I rather suspected that all was over, and left immediately. The Minister and others were very upset that I was not at home at a time anyone should normally have been there.

As I suspected, I found when I reached home that my father was dead. He had died whilst my mother was feeding him. His eyes had suddenly gone up and that was it. There had been no struggle or pain. He had a serene expression on his face and his body was still warm. I spent a few minutes alone with him in the room.

When I came out of his room, the immediate issue was to contact Dr. Hudson Silva’s cornea bank, because my father was keen that his corneas should be gifted. This was done and soon someone came around with a box packed with ice. Thereafter, we had to discuss funeral arrangements and we decided that it should be on Thursday the 16th. The crematorium had to be booked and we were contemplating this when the Minister Mr. S.B. Herat, the Deputy Minister and some of my colleagues arrived.

The Minister was still upset. In spite of my protests he said he would immediately personally go to the residence of Mr. B. A. Jayasinghe, Colombo’s Municipal Commissioner and ensure that the crematorium was booked. I later found out that when the Minister arrived at Mr. Jayasinghe’s residence he was asleep, and since banging on the gate and tooting the horn brought no response, he had jumped over the wall, banged on the door and woken him.

As I had referred to earlier, the Minister had been a racing motorcyclist during the not too distant past and was still energetic and fit, although some poison administered to him by a political rival, about which I will relate later, had undermined his constitution to an extent. The Minister, one of the most decent human beings I have met, had openly appreciated my work and felt distressed that I had to be in office at 9.15 p.m., when my father passed away.

He was therefore, determined to render whatever assistance that was possible to lighten my load in making the funeral arrangements. He was aware that I was an only child and had no brothers and sisters to share the load. This was the reason for his extraordinary nocturnal adventure of scaling walls. He phoned me later that night and said that the crematorium was booked.

Deputy Minister, the M.P. for Dompe Mr. Saratchandra Rajakaruna, was also very concerned at what had happened. He had to go out of Colombo on a fairly long journey the day after my father’s death. But he came home at about 9.30 p.m. and announced that he had come to stay the whole night. He said “Just get me some coffee and you go to sleep.” My protests were useless. He had come to stay the whole night, and was determined to stay.

He was equally determined that both I and my wife should sleep. My wife and I were packed upstairs to sleep and Mr. Rajakaruna stayed the whole night along with a few of my relations. These gestures of concern and support by both the Minister and the Deputy Minister were appreciated by all who knew what they had done and was a source of solace and comfort to me at a difficult moment.

Director, Shipping Corporation

Things settled down and in late March 1978 the Minister of Trade and Shipping Mr. Lalith Athulathmudali appointed me to the Board of Directors of the Ceylon Shipping Corporation. The former Commander of the Navy, Admiral Rajan Kadirgamar was the Chairman and after his sudden death, Mr. M.L.D. Caspersz of the former Civil Service was appointed Chairman. An important issue we faced during this period was containerization. This also went along with the energetic port development policies of the Minister.

The ordering of vital equipment such as gantry cranes had to go hand in hand with the pace of containerization. In this respect my batch mate in the Civil Service Harsha Wickremasinghe, the Additional Secretary responsible for shipping in the Ministry of Trade and Shipping played a key role. He had developed both a knack for and a degree of specialization in the whole area of port development and shipping.

It is my belief that but for his own vision and his energetic pursuit of the Minister’s policies, we could not have achieved the rapid development that occurred in this sector. The Corporation went in for container vessels and the port of Colombo had gantry cranes before Bombay or Karachi.

In June, Harry Guneratne, an officer very senior in the Sri Lanka Administrative Service and former Controller of Imports and Exports joined the Ministry as Additional Secretary with responsibility for the co-operative sector. This was a strength to me. Harry was responsible and balanced. He also possessed a temper which was very useful at times. On one occasion, he got very angry with a Member of Parliament who was complaining to the Minister about some alleged negligence on his part. More than the content, Harry resented the disparaging tone adopted by the MP and at one stage fixing the MP in a steely gaze said “Remember, I am a public servant. Not a domestic servant.

” It was splendid stuff. His towering six-foot presence added emphasis to his manner. The Ministry at this time had both a Secretary and an Additional Secretary who were six feet tall and well-built, not the best combination for the negotiation of food aid programmes. On the subject of Additional Secretaries, it was interesting that the Ministry never had an Additional Secretary handling Food. The reason for this was, that food was a subject where decisions had to be taken very quickly, if not, sometimes immediately.

Therefore, there was no time for matters to be filtered through another layer. The Food Commissioner and the Secretary had to be on the phone several times a day, and many matters were decided on the phone. We recorded the decisions so reached in our respective files, for the purposes both of record and further reference. If the matter was important enough, I sent across a formal note to the food

Commissioner confirming the conversation and the decisions. Such working arrangements were necessary, because often decisions had to be taken before a market opened the following day, or because you could not risk a Currency fluctuation, or could not idle whilst a master of a vessel containing 10,000 tons of your cargo, had radioed that his ship had broken down in mid-ocean. In such instances, a delayed or a careless decision could lead to financial loss, legal problems or stock problems.

Wheat Tour to the US

In June, the US Wheat Associates, the umbrella organization of wheat farmers enjoying official status with the US Department of Agriculture invited me and a delegation from Sri Lanka for a Wheat Tour of the United States. By this time, most of the urgent deadline-oriented work was successfully completed, and the Minister was keen that we should go. The visit proved both useful and relaxing. We left in July. The team consisted besides me, of Captain Hayward Fernando of the State Flour Milling Corporation, Mr. Ramanathan who headed the Corporation’s laboratory; and Mr. Pulendiran, Deputy Food Commissioner (Imports).

In a near three-week tour we visited Portland, Oregon; Spokane, Washington; Idaho; Lincoln, Nebraska; Kansas; Oklahoma and Washington D.C.

The visit entailed a great deal of travelling and field visits. During the course of our journey, we had discussions with Grain Exporter’s Associations; viewed trading sessions at Grain Exchanges; visited Grain Elevators and bulk wheat loading facilities; went to railway yards and viewed the discharge of wheat from 60 ton box cars which were raised from the ground on a hoist and then tilted in two directions; viewed the discharge of wheat from 300 ton barges; visited grain laboratories, including the well-known DOTY laboratory; saw the operation of feed mills; visited university research laboratories and agriculture faculties.

visited farms and travelled on huge combines whilst harvesting was being done; saw experimental wheat plots; food and nutrition research centres; noodle and pasta making plants; grain marketing research institutes; and circle irrigation methods. We also saw sights that could not be seen in Sri Lanka such as a train with three engines pulling over 112 very large wheat loaded waggons. The waggons kept coming and coming. One thought that one would never see the end of the train. We used to laugh and say that the lead engine must be in the next town, by the time the last waggon passed this town.

The visit also gave us an opportunity to widen our general knowledge and experience. We therefore, whenever possible visited facilities such as museums and planetariums. In Oklahoma, we visited an oil well that had been pumping for 16 years.

The oil was being pumped from over one mile down. As the leader of the team, I had extra duties. I had to make numerous speeches after official lunches and dinners and give several TV and radio interviews. We also met important people such as Governors and Lieutenant Governors of some of the states we visited, as well as others in industry, trade and government. This gave us productive opportunities to talk about Sri Lanka.

We ended our tour in Washington D.C. We had travelled from San Francisco on the West Coast to the capital in the East, taking in some important areas of the mid-west. In Washington too, we had a number of meetings with important organizations such as the US Wheat Associates our hosts and the Flour Millers National Federation. We also had a round of meetings with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The Ambassador hosted a lunch in our honour. Whilst in Washington I was able to have lunch with Ambassador Chris Van Hollen, former US Ambassador to Sri Lanka, about whom I had written in an earlier chapter. It was a pleasant and interesting two hours.

On the way back, we were briefly in London, and took the opportunity to visit the Sugar Terminal and see sugar trading being conducted on the floor. We also went to the Baltic Exchange, connected with shipping and freight. Overall, this visit was a tremendous education. I was fortunate that I had this exposure so early in my career as Secretary Food. It deepened my knowledge and gave me new knowledge and insights. Subsequently, when I chaired a tender board to purchase flour and later wheat, I had much greater awareness of quality and other aspects. I knew enough to ask pertinent and relevant questions even on technical matters and insist on proper answers.

Local agents couldn’t fool me with excuses and stories generated in their imaginations. We were also able to obtain information directly from the contacts we had made, including the USDA. This visit proved invaluable for another reason. Prima Singapore was constructing the flour mill in Trincomalee. We in the Food Ministry were on the verge of switching over from flour purchases, about which we knew a great deal, to the purchase of whole wheat for the mill, about which we knew nothing.

(Excerpted from In the Pursuit of Governance, autobiography of MDD Pieris) ✍️

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