Features
BETWEEN ABSTRACTION & EMPATHY IN SARATH CHANDRAJEEWA’S VISUAL PARAPHRASES – PART II
by Dr. Santhushya Fernando,
Dr. Laleen Jayamanne and Professor Sumathy Sivamohan
We, three academics, coming from three different intellectual disciplines (Medicine, English Literature, Theatre and Film Studies) worked alongside each other here so as to understand this mysterious process of a ‘will to abstraction’ or non-objective art, evident in Sarath’s work. None of us are art historians but are learning on the run its diverse histories and theories relevant to our topic. Of the three of us, Santhushya and Sumathy have seen the exhibition, while Laleen has seen it telescopically, only on her computer and in the paper Catalogue to the exhibition, from Sydney.
So, she believes that the other two friends and colleagues are her microscopic eyes. All of us know Sarath’s work (artistic and scholarly) to some degree, and have worked with him but Santhushya has known him intimately since childhood as well. Sumathy contributed a poem and a photograph of and a poem by her sister Rajani to the Jaffna Doors and Windows book, a collective multi-ethnic project conceived and produced by Sarath. Laleen however, though she has written on Sarath’s work, has never met him nor spoken with him or seen his work with her own eyes.
But before the angel of death calls, she hopes to visit the Sri Lankan High Commission in Canberra to see his large figurative clay mural of folk traditions, celebrating our multi-ethnic Island home. It is a contribution to Australian culture too which has nourished several distinguished Lankan artists (Dharmasena and Milinda Pathiraja), and scholars (Michael Roberts, Neville Weerarathne, Anoma Pieris), and provided some with a hospitable home in an expansive multi-cultural ethos.
German Art History and Theory
Wilhelm Worringer’s Abstraction and Empathy: A Contribution to the Psychology of Style (1908), is a very popular art history book from which we have borrowed our title. A slim doctoral dissertation, it’s still read and commented on by scholars in its many editions and translations. We find the way Worringer conceptualised the history of art and its genesis useful and cite it here to structure our argument as it has a similar understanding of pre-historical art as Leroi-Gourhan.
As well, coming from a training in the rigorous German philosophically grounded, philological tradition of aesthetics, he is not shy to speculate on the basis of empirical work, albeit done in the metropolitan ethnographic museums of Imperial Europe enriched by the looted patrimony of faraway colonised countries and peoples. The following summary explains briefly the derivation of the two key ideas structuring this piece.
“What proved to be so timely in Abstraction and Empathy was Worringer’s further claim that this will to abstraction was to be understood to be one of the two fundamental aesthetic impulses known to human culture – the other, of course, being the urge to empathy which manifests itself in the naturalistic depiction of the observable world.
Basing his studies on diverse cultures, styles, and periods, Worringer found “the need for empathy and the need for abstraction to be the two poles of human artistic experience …. They are antitheses which, in principle, are mutually exclusive. In actual fact, however, the history of art represents an unceasing disputation between the two tendencies.” Hilton Kramer, Introduction to Abstraction and Empathy.
We frame our piece with these two interdisciplinary ideas of abstraction and empathy, formulated by Leroi-Ghouran and Worringer. Sarath’s paintings shuttle between these two impulses, the purely abstract pole of mark making and colour and also a mixed figurative mode or semi-abstraction. Thinker in Front of The Empty Doorway and The Ascetic are among the latter.
His pure colour fields appear not to be ‘abstract’ so much as the place where our brain encountering colour might experience a ‘pure affect’; the emergence of some new quality, which we critics have to struggle to name. There is no possible ‘empathetic’ response here because colour in such a field derails habitual mechanisms of recognition of a familiar object. There is nothing there to empathise with through recognition of the familiar. The statement by Cezanne which frames this piece makes sense in this specific context; ‘Colour is the place where our brain and the universe meet’. Colour makes one vibrate with intensity if one yields to it.
Marx’s work on the economy is abstract; and his abtract is the most concrete too; about matter, wages, exchange, capital. Laleen, you trace art through the materiality of human evolution, of the body, the brain and cognition as social evolution. I am so much in the here and now. I can only see the hand that works, with its material, and the artist in a relationship with the world around her, in her surroundings and in her place as an artisan.
So, the artist is an artisan after all. This shuttling back and forth between the artist and artisan, without rest and without the dichotomy and distinction ever resolved, is what we embrace I think, not as art, not as artisanal craft, but as a reflective, intimate space, in which we can reside and reflect. Not to freeze material, the labour of the craftsperson and the artist to reverberate through the meanings they can generate at that moment. The classic distinction between the abstract and the realist may have to be dissolved here as well.
All art has to be abstract at one level, for it is not immediately palpable, real or intimate. It is a form of writing after all. So, the question of abstract and realist art as distinct forms troubles me. Working in film, like Laleen, I am also very profoundly aware how a verisimilitude, animates realist art, undone by what we see in abstraction. Laleen says that she is drawn to the stature of the Thinker that Sarath has.
We already have the figure of the Thinker in Rodin. Do we immediately know to make those connections, and therefore think of the Thinker? Or is it a MAN holding himself in a ‘thoughtful’ pose which kindles that idea? Sarath’s art is abstract – but they build on the ideas of palpable forms of the real – images of the war that have come to be both tactile material, like the wood, and have come to stand for the dislocation of war.
At the exhibition, there are several paintings of Doors and Windows, in splatters of dark and bright colours, flying in opposite directions but kept together and formed through the materiality of paint and canvas, – this is what makes the abstraction of that painting, so severe and demanding on one to be an insider, in the know, to be let in on a secret. I am neither a painter or an art critic. But I felt that Sarath had quick brush strokes.
They capture the flight of the doors and windows, through the broken roofs and the open roofs of the sky. But they are contained. They can never fly away. We are constrained by our thoughts, and our bodies, compelled to reflect on the here and now. Why am I here, now at this exhibition. Why am here in the middle of an exhibit?
Bronze Statues and Body-Counts
Sumathy, you mentioned that you came down to Colombo that evening, after teaching at Peradeniya, and arrived straight from the station lugging your bags, to attend the special viewing for invitees, a collective celebration. It was important for you to be there. You mention Sarath’s recent commemorative statue of Sir Ivor Jennings and pose a generative question. What did he see as he strode forward, in planning a visionary public University for independent Lanka on that magnificent location?
But, because Sarath made a statue of former president Premadasa, he has been permanently blacklisted by the gate keepers of important art institutions, both locally and internationally, thereby erasing him from the Lankan art historical record. I have attempted to talk about his work with a few Lankan critics and curators and have been repeatedly rebuffed, straining cherished friendships. If we were to do an approximate body-count of just the young intelligentsia killed by our rulers since April 1971, then several other statues now standing proudly, would also have to be toppled.
Is it only the ‘working-class man/thug’ from Maradana become president, who is guilty of mass murder? When Ivor Jennings gazed out with his bronze eyes, at that vista of Paradise which is the Peradeniya campus, he could not have imagined that just within two decades of its founding, bombs would go off in a hall of residence and young men and women’s wounded bodies would be floating down that majestic Mahawali river flowing though the campus.
Fallen Monument
Then I landed on one painting and gazed at it. It is once again of broken forms, but arranged in such a way, that pointed to a space, that I can formulate as home, as Jaffna. But this is Jaffna returned to me, in blacks, whites and punctured colours. I did not know whether I read any of it correctly. So, I kept quiet there. And carefully conveyed that idea to Laleen, who pounced on it as a seminal thought. The shape of Jaffna is distinctive, for those who gaze upon maps of Sri Lanka and have been made to gaze upon it for the last 30-odd years.
The muted colours of this picture are quite different from the fiery ones of doors and windows that threaten to fly into a nowhere, and forever tied to the present. This is the abstraction perhaps I can speak of. The abstraction of generative readings, that take us elsewhere, in the bond between artist and subject as I have noted above, but also in the bond between the body of the viewer stretched within the spaces of the painting, as she tried to take it all in, in one fell scoop, but cannot. For one has to reflect, think, and formulate.
(To be concluded)
Features
Acid test emerges for US-EU ties
European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen addressing the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland on Tuesday put forward the EU’s viewpoint on current questions in international politics with a clarity, coherence and eloquence that was noteworthy. Essentially, she aimed to leave no one in doubt that a ‘new form of European independence’ had emerged and that European solidarity was at a peak.
These comments emerge against the backdrop of speculation in some international quarters that the Post-World War Two global political and economic order is unraveling. For example, if there was a general tacit presumption that US- Western European ties in particular were more or less rock-solid, that proposition apparently could no longer be taken for granted.
For instance, while US President Donald Trump is on record that he would bring Greenland under US administrative control even by using force against any opposition, if necessary, the EU Commission President was forthright that the EU stood for Greenland’s continued sovereignty and independence.
In fact at the time of writing, small military contingents from France, Germany, Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands are reportedly already in Greenland’s capital of Nook for what are described as limited reconnaissance operations. Such moves acquire added importance in view of a further comment by von der Leyen to the effect that the EU would be acting ‘in full solidarity with Greenland and Denmark’; the latter being the current governing entity of Greenland.
It is also of note that the EU Commission President went on to say that the ‘EU has an unwavering commitment to UK’s independence.’ The immediate backdrop to this observation was a UK decision to hand over administrative control over the strategically important Indian Ocean island of Diego Garcia to Mauritius in the face of opposition by the Trump administration. That is, European unity in the face of present controversial moves by the US with regard to Greenland and other matters of contention is an unshakable ‘given’.
It is probably the fact that some prominent EU members, who also hold membership of NATO, are firmly behind the EU in its current stand-offs with the US that is prompting the view that the Post-World War Two order is beginning to unravel. This is, however, a matter for the future. It will be in the interests of the contending quarters concerned and probably the world to ensure that the present tensions do not degenerate into an armed confrontation which would have implications for world peace.
However, it is quite some time since the Post-World War Two order began to face challenges. Observers need to take their minds back to the Balkan crisis and the subsequent US invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq in the immediate Post-Cold War years, for example, to trace the basic historic contours of how the challenges emerged. In the above developments the seeds of global ‘disorder’ were sown.
Such ‘disorder’ was further aggravated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine four years ago. Now it may seem that the world is reaping the proverbial whirlwind. It is relevant to also note that the EU Commission President was on record as pledging to extend material and financial support to Ukraine in its travails.
Currently, the international law and order situation is such that sections of the world cannot be faulted for seeing the Post World War Two international order as relentlessly unraveling, as it were. It will be in the interests of all concerned for negotiated solutions to be found to these global tangles. In fact von der Leyen has committed the EU to finding diplomatic solutions to the issues at hand, including the US-inspired tariff-related squabbles.
Given the apparent helplessness of the UN system, a pre-World War Two situation seems to be unfolding, with those states wielding the most armed might trying to mould international power relations in their favour. In the lead-up to the Second World War, the Hitlerian regime in Germany invaded unopposed one Eastern European country after another as the League of Nations stood idly by. World War Two was the result of the Allied Powers finally jerking themselves out of their complacency and taking on Germany and its allies in a full-blown world war.
However, unlike in the late thirties of the last century, the seeming number one aggressor, which is the US this time around, is not going unchallenged. The EU which has within its fold the foremost of Western democracies has done well to indicate to the US that its power games in Europe are not going unmonitored and unchecked. If the US’ designs to take control of Greenland and Denmark, for instance, are not defeated the world could very well be having on its hands, sooner rather than later, a pre-World War Two type situation.
Ironically, it is the ‘World’s Mightiest Democracy’ which is today allowing itself to be seen as the prime aggressor in the present round of global tensions. In the current confrontations, democratic opinion the world over is obliged to back the EU, since it has emerged as the principal opponent of the US, which is allowing itself to be seen as a fascist power.
Hopefully sane counsel would prevail among the chief antagonists in the present standoff growing, once again, out of uncontainable territorial ambitions. The EU is obliged to lead from the front in resolving the current crisis by diplomatic means since a region-wide armed conflict, for instance, could lead to unbearable ill-consequences for the world.
It does not follow that the UN has no role to play currently. Given the existing power realities within the UN Security Council, the UN cannot be faulted for coming to be seen as helpless in the face of the present tensions. However, it will need to continue with and build on its worldwide development activities since the global South in particular needs them very badly.
The UN needs to strive in the latter directions more than ever before since multi-billionaires are now in the seats of power in the principle state of the global North, the US. As the charity Oxfam has pointed out, such financially all-powerful persons and allied institutions are multiplying virtually incalculably. It follows from these realities that the poor of the world would suffer continuous neglect. The UN would need to redouble its efforts to help these needy sections before widespread poverty leads to hemispheric discontent.
Features
Brighten up your skin …
Hi! This week I’ve come up with tips to brighten up your skin.
* Turmeric and Yoghurt Face Pack:
You will need 01 teaspoon of turmeric powder and 02 tablespoons of fresh yoghurt.
Mix the turmeric and yoghurt into a smooth paste and apply evenly on clean skin. Leave it for 15–20 minutes and then rinse with lukewarm water
Benefits:
Reduces pigmentation, brightens dull skin and fights acne-causing bacteria.
* Lemon and Honey Glow Pack:
Mix 01teaspoon lemon juice and 01 tablespoon honey and apply it gently to the face. Leave for 10–15 minutes and then wash off with cool water.
Benefits:
Lightens dark spots, improves skin tone and deeply moisturises. By the way, use only 01–02 times a week and avoid sun exposure after use.
* Aloe Vera Gel Treatment:
All you need is fresh aloe vera gel which you can extract from an aloe leaf. Apply a thin layer, before bedtime, leave it overnight, and then wash face in the morning.
Benefits:
Repairs damaged skin, lightens pigmentation and adds natural glow.
* Rice Flour and Milk Scrub:
You will need 01 tablespoon rice flour and 02 tablespoons fresh milk.
Mix the rice flour and milk into a thick paste and then massage gently in circular motions. Leave for 10 minutes and then rinse with water.
Benefits:
Removes dead skin cells, improves complexion, and smoothens skin.
* Tomato Pulp Mask:
Apply the tomato pulp directly, leave for 15 minutes, and then rinse with cool water
Benefits:
Controls excess oil, reduces tan, and brightens skin naturally.
Features
Shooting for the stars …
That’s precisely what 25-year-old Hansana Balasuriya has in mind – shooting for the stars – when she was selected to represent Sri Lanka on the international stage at Miss Intercontinental 2025, in Sahl Hasheesh, Egypt.
The grand finale is next Thursday, 29th January, and Hansana is all geared up to make her presence felt in a big way.
Her journey is a testament to her fearless spirit and multifaceted talents … yes, her life is a whirlwind of passion, purpose, and pageantry.
Raised in a family of water babies (Director of The Deep End and Glory Swim Shop), Hansana’s love affair with swimming began in childhood and then she branched out to master the “art of 8 limbs” as a Muay Thai fighter, nailed Karate and Kickboxing (3-time black belt holder), and even threw herself into athletics (literally!), especially throwing events, and netball, as well.
A proud Bishop’s College alumna, Hansana’s leadership skills also shone bright as Senior Choir Leader.
She earned a BA (Hons) in Business Administration from Esoft Metropolitan University, and then the world became her playground.
Before long, modelling and pageantry also came into her scene.
She says she took to part-time modelling, as a hobby, and that led to pageants, grabbing 2nd Runner-up titles at Miss Nature Queen and Miss World Sri Lanka 2025.
When she’s not ruling the stage, or pool, Hansana’s belting tunes with Soul Sounds, Sri Lanka’s largest female ensemble.
What’s more, her artistry extends to drawing, and she loves hitting the open road for long drives, she says.
This water warrior is also on a mission – as Founder of Wave of Safety,
Hansana happens to be the youngest Executive Committee Member of the Sri Lanka Aquatic Sports Union (SLASU) and, as founder of Wave of Safety, she’s spreading water safety awareness and saving lives.
Today is Hansana’s ninth day in Egypt and the itinerary for today, says National Director for Sri Lanka, Brian Kerkoven, is ‘Jeep Safari and Sunset at the Desert.’
And … the all-important day at Miss Intercontinental 2025 is next Thursday, 29th January.
Well, good luck to Hansana.
-
Editorial4 days agoIllusory rule of law
-
News5 days agoUNDP’s assessment confirms widespread economic fallout from Cyclone Ditwah
-
Editorial5 days agoCrime and cops
-
Features4 days agoDaydreams on a winter’s day
-
Editorial6 days agoThe Chakka Clash
-
Features4 days agoSurprise move of both the Minister and myself from Agriculture to Education
-
Features3 days agoExtended mind thesis:A Buddhist perspective
-
Features4 days agoThe Story of Furniture in Sri Lanka
